Briefly describe the elements of the Drake equation. Are they Essay

Briefly describe the elements of the Drake equation. Are they reasonable Why, or why not - make a list of each of the different variables in the Drake equations - Essay Example Apparently, though the seven key elements aforementioned are each less certain in estimating the existence of ET intelligence through the formation of stars, they serve as quite reasonable factors of determining at least the possibility that there exist potential regions in the galaxy from which transmitted signals, of logical frequencies, indicate signs of communication. Drake equation may be claimed as reasonable in its setup since the factors that depict the key elements are multiplied with each other so as to present the flexibility of considering the number of developing civilizations within the expanse of the Milky Way. In application of a ‘best estimate’ possible, assuming R* = 7 suns/yr, fp = 0.1, ne = 1.025, fℓ = 0.5, fi = 0.01, fc = 0.3, and L = 10,000, the number of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations in our galaxy is approximately

Religion and Identity Essay Example for Free

Religion and Identity Essay The question often arrived what is religion? There are more than one answer to this depending on one’s culture, identity, ethics and beliefs. Religion can be found in different cultures and throughout the whole period of human history. There is evidence that shows signs of religion such as animal spirits in art and human burials that suggest the belief in life after death. There have been many different answers and definition to what religion is (Van Voorst, 2013). According to Robert E. Van Voorst (2013), religion is â€Å"Pattern of beliefs and practices that expresses and enacts what a community regards as sacred and/or ultimate about life (pg.5). In addition to that, there is the separation of church and state. In America, the right to freedom of religion is very central to the American democracy that it was preserved in the First Amendment to the Constitution along with other rights such as freedom of speech and freedom of press. The country’s founders restrict the separation of church and state. This is due to the prohibition against government regulation or endorsement of religion. According to American Civil Liberties Union of Florida (2012), the standard of separation has been regularly tested. In early America, even after church establishment ended, some state legislators sought to revive the compulsory taxation of citizens to support religious institutions. In this century, public schools were once required to teach the biblical version of the earths and humanitys creation, while the scientific theory of evolution was prohibited. Throughout our history, sectarian advocates have tried to inject religious exercises, such as daily prayer, into the public schools. At times, religious minorities, including members of cults, have been discriminated against because of their beliefs. And today, many citizens in many communities disagree about whether a model of the infant Jesus in the manger, which officially promotes certain religious beliefs over others, should be displayed on the steps of City Hall. The courts must frequently consider where to draw the line that separates church and state ( ¶5). Religion is one of our most critical tradition and constitutional rights and must stand against anything that would challenge the standard of separation, which protects that freedom. Reid Temple African Methodist Episcopal Church was the group that I visited. Though it is not my own religious practice, it qualifies as a religion. Driving up to the church there is a sign that has the name of the church boldly written in LED lights. The welcome message display in red across the board says â€Å"All Are Welcome†. Inside of Reid Temple church they have a Cross as their symbol posted high where all can see. The service was nice with the choir singing praises to God and special prayer request were taken. After the service, I spoke with the Senior Pastor about his church and what exactly do they believe in. I was informed that their slogan is â€Å"Aiming to Please through the 5 E’s. This came from II Corinthians 5:9 which states â€Å"So whether at home or away, we make our aim to please Him. (RSV). The 5 E’s were described to me as â€Å"Evangelism which is sowing the seed of God’s Word in the hearts of all people. Empowerment which is bestowing love and guidance on believers to disciple them in fulfilling their purpose. Education which is knowing the will of God through study and obedience of His Word. Economics which is flowing in financial prosperity according to God’s wealth principles and Expansion which is growing in all ministry areas to reach the growing harvest of souls† ( Washington, L. Personal interview January 13, 2013). The cross is a reminder of their pledge and it also reminds them that Jesus died for their sins and to Him all praise is given. Buddhism also has a symbol such as the Dharmachakra which is the wheel of the law. The eight spokes on the wheel represents the eightfold path. The wheel is one of the most important Buddhist symbols because it symbolizes the teachings of Buddha. According to Thames Hudson (2004), The wheels motion is a metaphor for the rapid spiritual change engendered by the teachings of the Buddha: the Buddhas first discourse at the Deer Park in Sarnath is known as the first turning of the wheel of dharma. His subsequent discourses at Rajgir and Shravasti are known as the second and third turnings of the wheel of dharma. The eight spokes of the wheel symbolize the Noble Eightfold Path set out by the Buddha in his teachings. The wheel also represents the endless cycle of samsara, or rebirth, which can only be escaped by means of the Buddhas teachings. And some Buddhists regard the the wheels three basic parts as symbols of the three trainings in Buddhist practice: The hub symbolizes moral discipline, which stabilizes the mind. The spokes (usually there are eight) represent wisdom which is applied to defeat ignorance. The rim represents training in concentration, which holds everything else together ( ¶ 2 3). In the early days, the Dharmachakra not only symbolizes the teaching of Buddha but also Buddha himself. Today, it appears in the art of every Buddhist culture (para 5). Practicing religion can shape an individual and group identity. Take Buddhism for example that is followed by many Indians. This religion practices the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. The Four Noble Truths teaches that: 1. All life is suffering- this suggests that all beings experience suffering and that it can be ranged from great physical and mental pain to mild emotional unhappiness. Suffering originates from anger and sadness but then happiness is also suffering because it comes and goes. 2. The cause of suffering is desire- This suggests that humans want what they do not have and should not have. Humans’ personal desire for happiness is the cause of the suffering. 3. To end desire is to end suffering -which suggests that putting all craving and personal desires to an end will therefore end the suffering. This breaks the negative karma which leads to the 4th Noble Truth 4. To end desire- one must follow the Noble Eightfold Path. The Eightfold Path is : 1. The right to understanding which ends the concept of what one think is reality and see reality as it is. 2. The right to intention is where people must want to change before they can actually be change. 3. The right to speech which is speaking the truth at all times. 4. The right to conduct which means no killing, stealing, drinking, intoxicants and being sexual. 5. The right to livelihood which is working and living a life that does not cause others harm. 6. The right to effort which is developing a conscious free from craving. 7. The right to mindfulness which is to be aware and mindful and 8. The right to contemplation which is the deepening of mindfulness that leads to concentration and insight may be obtained (Van Voorst,2013). Practicing the Four Noble Truths and The Eightfold Path teaches and shape the followers of Buddhism. It is a way of life for them which teach them to take time to find out who they are and what they are all about. It is a guideline to ethical and menta l development. Shinto culture is another example of how practicing religion and shape individuals or groups. The people of Japan practices Shinto and is rooted in the people there and their traditions. The Shinto gods that are called kami are sacred spirits. These spirits can take form in things such as wind, rain, mountains, trees, rivers and fertility. Shinto religion believes that when a human dies they become a kami and is given back to their families and ancestral kami. There not a right from wrong in Shinto and their faith is based on being optimistic. The Shinto faith is blended with other beliefs such as that of Buddhism and Daoism. It does not have a founder, written documents, formalized ethics, system of beliefs, scripture or an organized system of theology but with the blend of Buddhism and Daoism, the Japanese culture now have a system of beliefs, written documents, founder, ethics and all that it was lacked before. It is still a central religion of Japan (Carroll, 2012). Shinto grounds are very sacred and behavior must be proper at all times. There are no food or drink allowed and there must be silence or hushed voices. Purity is important in Shinto and there is a certain procedure in washing your hands on mouth. Purity is important in pleasing the kami which brings a happy life. Van Voorst wrote that â€Å"Cleanliness in particular signifies a good character and freedom from bad external influences. In Western societies one hears the proverb â€Å"Cleanliness is next to godliness.† In traditional Japanese society cleanliness—of body, mind, and spirit, both ritual and practical—is godliness. To be in harmony with the kami, one must keep one’s person, home, and business clean† (pg 198). Religion has always been connected with government and politics. The Western world has a history of influence from Catholicism and Protestant rift. It is very similar to the history of some parts of Southern Asia that have been influenced by Islam. The interconnection of both religion and government is to be expected because both are regulating social behavior. During the past century, religion has been less influential. Modern governments have been influenced by Democratic philosophy which put importance of the average man and a sharing of the world’s resources. These ideas continue to shape modern society in different ways. For example, technology has drastically changed the nature of life and work. Traditional religious systems are gradually becoming less important. The trend towards secularism continues but has not been nearly as pronounced in the United States and regular church attendance started to decrease in the 1960’s and early 1970’s. It increased again post World War II period. There is only a small majority of Americans who thinks religion is of any importance in their lives (Federal Funding of Faith-Based Services, 2011). Many people know what religion is until they are asked to define it. Religion is a worldly thing, across many boundaries in human experience and so that makes it a bit hard to define. There are a few different definition of religion and many have different religious experience and understanding of Ultimate Reality. At Reid Temple, I asked the lady sitting next to me if she could tell what Ultimate Reality means. She said to her Ultimate Reality meant a personal relationship with God. In a different culture Ultimate Reality could mean spiritual growth or spiritual path. Not everyone is all about religion though. There are some cultures who prefer that their beliefs not to be subject as a religion but as a faith or teaching. There are some who argue that they are not religious but they are spiritual. References American Civil Liberties Union of Florida. (2012). Church and state. Retrieved from http://www.aclufl.org/take_action/download_resources/info_papers/3.cfm Carroll,B.J. (2012). Shinto basics. Retrieved from http://www.world-religions-professor.com/shinto.html Federal Funding of Faith-Based Services. (2011). Religion and public policy. Retrieved from http://www.newsbatch.com/religion.htm Thames Hudson. (2004). Reading Buddhist Art: an illustrated guide to Buddhist signs and Symbols. Retrieved from http://www.religionfacts.com/buddhism/symbols/wheel.htm Van Voorst, R.E. (2013). World relg. Student edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. USA Washington, L.P. (2013). Reid Temple Senior Pastor. Personal Interview January 13, 2013.

History Of The Leader George Patterson History Essay

History Of The Leader George Patterson History Essay Influencing people to achieve positive results is known as Leadership. A leader helps us to effectively tackle the most difficult task of our world and inspires others. They develop themselves beyond self-actualization stage, lead differently and for different purpose and they dont follow any rules. However all the good leaders have some extraordinary skill which suites there personality. By doing the leadership assignment its gives an opportunity to understand about leadership styles, its theories and also I will be able to analyze a true leader and also his qualities. This assignment will give brief information about General George Smith Patton; he was a former US army officer. His policies are implemented in the modern world because of his leadership qualities which are well known. By using some important theories of leadership we will be able to understand his leadership qualities, leadership style and analyze his leadership skills. His leadership style used to change as the situation changed which is very unique. I would want to implement some of his leadership styles in my life. Patton was one of the Great Soldier in the battle field. Analyzing and Understanding his leadership qualities are very motivational and interesting. He has been considered as one of the greatest leaders of modern times.   I was inspired by the way Patton was commanding his team. He trained the team such a way that they will never give up. They maintained discipline and also were know as the best brigade of AFC. Pattons military skills, ideas, dedication and motivation made me chose him as my leader for this report. George S Patton Leadership Patton had demonstrated the leadership power which has changed the world around him; he was one of the greatest and the rarest leaders of all time. His leadership qualities are very interesting and motivating. Patton was a Great leader, his leadership qualities are still being used in the modern days. Analyzing his leadership qualities is very motivational and interesting. He has been considered as one of the greatest leaders of modern times.   I chose Patton as my leader since I was inspired by the way he was commanding the US military team by his immense skills, ideas, dedication and motivation. His team members were trained in such a way that each member of his team had never give up attitude and all his team members were disciplined. Patton team members were named as the best brigade of AFC. Introduction Modern Leadership The modern world is very competitive and is driven by knowledge. Due to innovation the traditional style of leadership is giving new ideas in a better way. Leadership will always play a huge role in the competitive world, since a leader can achieve his targets by innovative ideas each and every day. Motivation, Innovation, Dedication and Discipline are the basic qualities in a leader in todays corporate world. This project involves an in-depth study of the life and times of Mr George S Patton, focused on his evolution and development as an innovative, ambitious, assertive, leadership quality. These qualities and the skills are best suited for an ideal leader in the modern corporate world. I would want to learn the leadership styles and qualities which are motivate and realistic. The project work draws from Mr Pattons historical data and attempts to go beyond the notion of a one-man show and issues of fame, power, status and charisma. It will also address and incorporate criticisms of Patton as a leader. Contents Contents 3 1.Executive summary (200) 4 2.Introduction (200) 5 3.Key leadership capabilities (1200 Words) 9 3.1.Leadership strengths of George S Patton 9 3.2.Leadership weaknesses of George S Patton 9 3.3.Analysis of George s Pattons leadership capabilities and styles 9 Death 11 4.Conclusion (900) 12 Executive summary (200) Introduction (200) Context and Background of George S Patton (900 words) Patton history General George S. Patton Jr is one of the most masterful and successful military commander of all time, he was the most gifted leader of his time. He was born on November 11, 1885 in San Gabriel California to Ruth Wilson and George Smith Patton Sr from Scotland. Patton was big built, very tall with full self-confidence person and he was the best field commander of United States since he had the art of holding gun with ivory handles. He had set a high standard of commitment to train his troops by continues efforts. Patton was inspired to become a hero in his childhood by listening to stories of his ancestors who fought in Civil War, Mexican War and other. After attending Virginia Military Institute for one year he went to United States. Patton graduated on 11 June 1909 from United States Military Academy. During his graduation days he fell in love with Beatrice Ayer, they used to date each other and later they got married in May 26 1910 at West Port. After his graduation he was assigned as a Second Lieutenant in the 15th cavalry Regiment. Patton was extremely good in sports. In 1912 he participated in the Stockholm Olympics representing the United States in the first Modern. At the age of twenty-six Patton performed well in different sports such as 25 meter pistol shooting, free style swimming, and horse riding 800 meters, cross country running and sword fencing. At the end of the sporting event Patton was placed fifth overall, however he was disappointed with his performance in shooting event. Initially this sporting event was opened for military officers to test the fitness level of the officers. During the competition Patton was docked for missing the target, though he contended the lost bullet had simply passed through a large opening created by previous rounds from the .38, which left considerably larger holes.  In 1913 Patton started studying French sword drills at French cavalry school to keep himself busy after his perf ormance at the Olympics. The commandant of mounted service school informed Patton to report as the sword master of the school at fort riley, Kansas. Patton used to study at the school and he used to design and teach swordsmanship. During the expedition of Mexico Patton got his first real opportunity to battle as a member of legendary General John J. Pershings staff. Patton led the routine cavalry patrols at fort bliss along Mexican border in 1915. Patton gained a lot of recognition by the press after his expedition against Francisco pancho Villa into Mexico along with the company of Pershing, where he attacked on villas men. While returning from Mexico Pershing promoted Patton as the captain of his headquarters troop, since he was very determined and an aggressive person in nature. The tanks were not used widely during the beginning of the World War 1 in 1914. United States Tank Corps was established during 1914 and Patton became the first member, he served until 1920 since the corps was abolished. Patton took full responsibility of the crops starting from designing their uniforms, innovative ideas, and planning. In 1917 during the first ever major tank battle in 1917 at Cambrai, France, Patton and his men won the battle. Patton started the American tank school in Bourg, France, he used all his experience and knowledge of tanks and he trained the first 500 American tankers. Patton had intensive knowledge in tanks he termed tanks as the modern combat; he did a lot of research and experiment in radio communication between tanks which helped to create co-axial tank mount for machine guns. He wrote a lot of letters to congress about radio communication in tanks, but congresses were not happy since it was very expensive. Later Patton invented the co-axial tank mount for cannons and machine guns. In September 1918 Patton and his men marched into Meuse-Argonne Operation, they entered the battle field with 345 tanks. Patton had complete control in the battle field since he was able to communicate with the rear commanders by group of runners. Patton was shot once while he was giving the direction for the tanks. Patton was rewarded with Distinguished Service Cross for Heroism for his actions during the battle, which is one of the many awards that he won in his carrier. In Hawaii and Washington D.C. Patton held different types of staff jobs after World War I. In 1924 Patton graduated from the Command and General Staff School, and in 1932 completed his graduation in Army War College in military schooling. Patton was able to convince the congress that United States needed more armored striking forces. In 1940 Patton was transferred to second Armored Division at Fort Benning, Georgia and he was late he became the Commanding General on 11TH April 1941, due to the formation of the Armored Force in 1940. Later Patton started giving bold speeches in amphitheater such as Blood and Guts, he became very famous at this point of time as his photos were on the cover page of life magazine. After the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 December United States entered World War II. Patton was in charge of Western Task Force during November 8, 1942. Patton was commanding the Western Task Force, the only force for Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa. During Sicily in 1943 July, Patton commanded the Seventh Army after the success of Operation Torch. In 1944 Patton was given command of Third Army in France. Later German weakness was exploited with great success by Patton and his team after the battle of Normandy by covering most of the Europe countries such as France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia. Patton relaxed on his pace after the Third Army liberated the Buchenwald concentration camp. The local German civilians were the tour camps after Patton had a policy which was later adopted by other commanders; 81,522 square miles of territory had been conquered by the third army during the World War11. In 1945 October, Patton was in command during the fifteenth army in American-occupied Germany. On 9th December Patton suffered a lot of injuries in a car accident, and after 12 days on 21st December he died. He was buried in the Battle of the Bulge in Hamm, Luxembourg.   Patton is one of the best military general in the history since he had the remarkable ability, extraordinary skill and determination to lead his team mates. Key leadership capabilities (1200 Words) Leadership strengths of George S Patton Leadership weaknesses of George S Patton Analysis of George s Pattons leadership capabilities and styles Leadership Strengths of George S Patton Patton had an exceptional military career, he was a self motivated warrior and he believed in rebirth as a warrior of destiny. Pattons military services started in 1909 and after his graduation he was named as the 2nd deputy in 15th cavalry. After his Olympics success he was sent to Mounted service school at Kansas. Patton set up his policies and ideas at each and every division he visited. Patton was driven by task and purpose attended the Virginia military institute. Patton used to always inspire his soldiers to overcome their fear of death by his Inspirational talks and his profanity. He used to always order soldiers to get the work done, because he always demanded respect by his actions. (DEste, 1995) During the expedition of Mexico Patton has achieved many rewards and recognitions during his career; he was a part of World War 1 and World War 11. Some of his awards are Distinguished Service Medal, Purple Heart for his service in the Meuse-Argonne Operations, Silver Star, Legion of Merit, the Bronze Star, order of the Bath and Order of the British Empire. Patton had a good knowledge in the symbols of society, nature of human race. He was a dictator; this dictatorial leadership style helped him to teach the soldiers to take actions against their will towards self defense. He was an expert at the combination of chronological and action research, on the battlefield, real time.   Patton got the best performance of his soldiers by rewarding the solders for best task performers; similarly he suspended rewards as a penalty. Through his commanding presentation Patton had maintained a referent power. Patton had a skilled influence as a warrior; he viewed history as a linked process of routine custom and character of human race. He was a specialist at battlefield, action research, and real time. He was the only US General being buried on foreign soil with his men in Europe, the soldier who dead during the war on the same plains were always been remember unlike Carthaginians and the Romans. Patton has the power of dominating and he was able to understand the need of men who are preparation and who were not prepared going into the war as a situational leader. Pattons action speaks louder than his words, and this makes a hero that creates legends of an idol leader. Pattons men were more concern about him than their rivals by this strategy adopted by Patton, and he gave his men the skill to overcome their enemies, because Patton had a plan which influenced his men by fear. Patton was in trouble few times in his career since his leadership style was very different from other leaders, he never changed his mind. Leadership weaknesses of George S Patton Slapping incident In 1943 August 3, Patton had slapped a soldier. Drew Pearson a newspaper columnist informed in the radio program that Patton had been severely reprimanded which received a huge negative publicity, a week later another soldier was also slapped under parallel conditions. The Allied headquarters informed that Patton had not been reprimanded, but they confirmed that he had slapped a soldier; this slapping incident nearly ended his career. Patton had a lot of respect for the soldiers in command and he was very impatient with the soldiers who had low energy in the battle during his authority. By doing so Patton believed he would be able to inspire his troops. One of the general was fired during the entire war compared to his well-known partner Bradley who fired many generals during the war. Patton never used to acknowledge any jokes meant at him, since he felt that accepting jokes would reduce his self-esteem. Patton had made a remarks during the battle of the bulge which became very famous i.e the associates should permit the sons-of-bitches (Germans) depart to Paris, and then well slice then off and surround them off. Later his recommended seriously that his Third Army we be able to force the British back into the sea. There was a lot of inter-related conflict due to Pattons remarks between General Montgomery and the Soviet Red Army; these comments were rarely harmful due to union rivalry situation. Patton was very well dressed general with riding pants, polished helmet, big black boots and his famous sidearms. He had huge ranked symbol and loud sirens in his vehicle. He used to add a lot of humour with profanities during his speech which is ideal for the battle conditions. A UPI writer who followed Pattons speech in his article mentioned that Gen. George S. Patton thinks he was the best soldier who ever lived. Patton made the soldiers believe that they cannot be defeated by injecting his strategic plans. Pattons decision used to change according to time and situation; he had no positive or negative comments towards minorities since military work was his first priority. He spent a lot of time with African-American officers while he was in Europe. Patton due to some reason never liked the British however he respected Montgomerys for their ability. Black officers were assigned for military tribunals and defendants, since Patton had requested the higher officials. In March 1945, Eisenhower heard about the secret task force Baum during World War11 conducted by Patton and he was very furious about the whole plot.  Capt. Abraham Baum was the commander during this task force, the aim of this task was to liberate the POWs by penetrating behind the Germans lines. The mission was a complete failure and 32 soldiers were killed, about 57 tanks and other vehicles were missing. The main reason behind this task was to liberate Pattons son-in-law who was captured in Tunisia during 1943. Death Patton and Major General Hobart R. were on outing in the country side Mannheim, Germany; Pattons vehicle hit the front of GMC truck at a low speed. It was a minor accident; there was no much damage on the vehicle. Patton had injured his spinal cord and had breathing problem. He was taken to the military hospital in Heidelberg. Later Patton died due to pulmonary embolism on 21 December 1945. The memorial service was held at the Christ Church (Christuskirche) in Heidelberg-Sà ¼dstadt. As per Pattons request he was buried at the  Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial  in  Hamm, Luxembourg. Indeed a very controversial death for Patton. In 1986 there was a movie made on Patton, The Last Days of Patton which relived the ending incident of his life. After his death there was a sculpture of Patton placed at the church and his vehicle was repaired and is kept at General George Patton Museum  at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Conclusion (900) Patton had an important impact on U.S. Army General. His actions as a leader have been judged positively by a various population, i.e diverse in terms of age, gender, social class, race over a long period of time. The most powerful argument for Patton leadership style, some think he is a transformational leadership style since he was people oriented since he always kept peoples interest in mind. Patton had been publicly recognized for his post conventional outlooks and actions for his transpersonal ultimate concerns. Patton was very successful general since he had a very good military tactics. His leadership styles are ideal for todays business world. I will follow his leadership styles since most of his styles are effective during World War11 and his life. Leaders are born not made; this statement is very true in Patton life.

Criminal Activity Then and Now Essay -- Criminal Justice, Law

Criminal Activity Then and Now Criminal justice is composed of many lateral departments that help us as a society to better understand the process that is started when criminal activity is suspected. We will examine how individuals learn how to commit crime and what motivates them to do so. This paper will discuss the steps that are taken once a crime is determine and how the Criminal Justice System is put into place to help solve and come to some type of resolution for the crime. This paper will further discuss the types of deterrence that are placed into society minds to help curve criminal behavior and activity. After reading this paper the reader should have a better understanding on how the Criminal Justice System works and why it is needed help promote a safe environment for our society. In order to understand what crime is we must first look at the definition of what criminal activity is. The term crime comes from a classification of wrongdoing that were established by state or Congress as a felony or misdemeanor, which is committed against a public law. Crime is defined as all deviance involving violating norms, but some norms attract the attention of the authorities. Acts that have been declared illegal by some authority are called crime (Curry, Jiobu, & Schwirian, 1999). Crime develops from the wanting of certain things that attract or bring attention to certain individuals. A subject that is involved in breaking the law or a moral can be considered a criminal suspect according to the law. Crimes can range from violating less serious traffic code, which is basically a breach of a charter that is imposed by a city and up to the more serious things like murder. Anything that goes against the penal system of a country i... ..., 2010). Criminal Justice is composed of many lateral departments that help us define and better understand how crime can come about in our society. Crime can be learned and used to help one satisfy their personal gain and utilized to replace what is missing. Crime can be reduced by developing rules that enhance the social support that is needed to help families and the community educate them to keep their surrounding safe. By implementing custodial control and punishment can deter some crime but not eliminate it altogether. The criminal justice system is not a system that will stop crime but more of guidelines that come with committing crimes. Our society deserve to live in a safe and healthy environment and by providing policies and rules that help regulate criminal activity will ensure our society that crime will be prosecuted and carried out to the fullest.

About metals and minerals

1 IntroductionAsia plays an of import function in today ‘s excavation industry due to important resources of assorted metals and minerals, bring forthing about a 3rd of universe ‘s bauxite and gold, histories for a half of planetary Fe ore production, and for about 70 % of universe ‘s hydraulic cement ( USGS, 2009 ) . Within the part among the largest manufacturers of metals and minerals are China, India, and Indonesia. Despite the important importance of metals and minerals in modern economic system, excavation activities far excessively frequently lead to terrible environmental debasement, put local communities under force per unit area, cause societal jobs and sometimes go the cause of struggles. Grasberg mine in Indonesia is an expressed illustration of legion issues associated with big graduated table excavation. This paper gives a brief reappraisal of excavation in Grasberg from the construct the three pillars of sustainability, therefore analyzing economical, societal and particularly environmental impacts of this peculiar mine.2 Economic ImpactDue to the big graduated table of the operations, the Grasberg mine has a immense consequence on the economical state of affairs of Indonesia. Economic benefits include direct, such as revenue enhancement grosss and employment and other indirect and induced economic benefits. The unfastened cavity operations is expected to go on until 2015, than passag e will be made to to the full belowground production and the company ( which company, name? ? Need to present this mine company ) is expected to be profitable until 2041, which secures these benefits to Indonesia until that clip ( Freeport 2008 ) . The company is the largest revenue enhancement remunerator in Indonesia, merely in 2004 it provided $ 3 billion and between 1992-2004, $ 33 billion direct and indirect benefits, which is 2 % of the GDP of the state and 55 % of the GDP of Irian Jaya state, where the mine is located ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) . Along with economical state of affairs, it besides has a immense consequence on the employment. In 2008 the company had 29,300 employees and 10,700 contractors, about 18,000 people work at the mine which is operated by PT ( what is it? ) Freeport Indonesia ( Freeport 2009 ) . However, the employment impacts are more complex as the excavation activity have created societal tensenesss and wellness impacts such as AIDS and malaria in footings of in-migration, transmigration and urbanisation procedures. ( mention ) Besides direct effects Indonesia benefits from the indirect economic benefits, such as new airdrome, infirmaries and roads, nevertheless these were chiefly built to back up the substructure of the mine. In add-on, the company invested into malaria control and educational AIDSs. Induced effects include rewards, other benefits paid for the workers, purchases of goods and services, which are besides heightening economic development of the state. mention To decide bing societal and environmental issues the company has established a 1 % trust fund ( 1 % of the company ‘s gross one-year gross ) . Between its initiation in 1996 and 1999 it has been contributed $ 54.8 million and it is planned to go on over the following 10 old ages. In 1999, Freeport contributed US $ 14.4 million to the fund. In contrast in the same twelvemonth the CEO of Freeport, James Robert Moffet made US $ 41 million which is approximately three times of the compensation. Sing an independent survey it has became a new beginning of troubles and struggle ( Kennedy 1998 ) . To decide urbanisation issues and increase grosss and occupations within Papuan communities Freeport cooperates with the U.S. Agency for International Development and has launched the Papua Agribusiness Development Alliance. $ 2 million is allocated to develop agribusiness and agriculture, therefore advancing betterments in agriculture and fishing supports ( Freeport 2009 ) . Besides official payments the company provided side payments to the authorities functionaries, and spent $ 35 million on military substructure. Harmonizing to company paperss, $ 20- $ 30 million were given to the military and constabularies from 1998 to 2004 ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) . In malice of all these above mentioned benefits and investings, the environmental debasement, societal and wellness issues remain and can ne'er be to the full compensated by the company, but are enforcing immense cost on Indonesia. The cost of lost supports ( fishing, woods, biodiversity etc. ) and environmental harm are difficult to mensurate. Many of the wellness effects can non even be captured as they are chronic. Based on the above, Freeport Company evidently has a immense consequence on the Indonesian economic system but as it is a foreign investor it besides means that most of the gross is taken out from the state. Another chief issue is that most of its production is supplied as a Cu dressed ore for refinery to other states worldwide depriving Indonesia from related service based employment and induced benefits. Fortunately, due to societal and political force per unit area, governmental alterations and more demanding environmental outlooks and ordinances increase the force per unit area on Grasberg mine and easy driving the company towards more sustainable excavation patterns ( mention )2.1 Social ImpactSocial impact of Grasberg mine operation chiefly touches three major issues: demographical alterations, substructure development, and human rights misdemeanor. All of these issues address influence on the autochthonal people, Papuan folk. Some of the alterations which the Grasberg mine brought to the part could be considered as betterments in the life criterions such as substructure development. However about all of these alterations touch the inquiry of human rights maltreatments in many dimensions. ( mention ) Irian Jaya, the state where Grasberg mine is situated, is sing a rapid population growing as a consequence of the resettlement policies of the Indonesian authorities ( Wohl 2006 ) . The mine was opened in 1967 when there were no roads and fewer than 1000 people inhabited this country. Over clip the mine drew in 120 000 people from all over Indonesia and now it serves as about the lone one topographic point of employment for local people ( Hills and Welford 2006 ) . Although the mine operation in the state has lead to infrastructure development such as edifice of roads, an airdrome, a port at Amamapare ( what is it ) , a ropeway, infirmary, lodging, schools and other installations, presents there are a batch of jobs and struggles, peculiarly, in human rights abuses around the Grasberg mine. The enlargement of excavation caused a batch of protests among local population because the societal impact was chiefly connected with disturbing of the manner of life of autochthonal people, capturing their land, forestalling attempts to seek justness through the tribunals, bankrolling the constabulary and coercing them to resettle. These protests were the other portion of human rights maltreatments which showed up in military intercessions, colzas and slayings of dissenters etc. ( Hills and Welford 2006 ) . Indonesia ‘s National Commission on Human Rights concluded that clear and identifiable human rights misdemeanors had occurred in and around Freeport ‘s undertaking country, including indiscriminate violent deaths, anguish, inhumane or degrading intervention, improper apprehension, arbitrary detainment, disappearing, inordinate surveillance, and devastation of belongings. The committee noted that these misdemeanors are straight connected with protection for the excavation concern of PT Freeport Indonesia ( Whitmore 2006 ) . Additionally such environmental impacts as H2O and dirt pollution are the misdemeanor of the human right to adequate criterions of life and the right to wellness. ( How to link with old sentence? ) Local autochthonal landholders, the Kamoro and Amungme, have been the topic of coercion and bullying. Their land have been exploited, natural resources stolen and net incomes siphoned off by foreign shareholders and national elites ( Hills and Welford 2006 ) .3. Environmental ImpactThe environmental impact from the excavation activity of Grasberg mine arises chiefly due to two beginnings. These are,Untreated chasing disposal at the Aghawagon river ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 )Acid mine drainage ( Kennedy et al. 1998 ) from reeling sum of waste stone generated3.1 ShadowingsThe excavation operations at Grasberg started in 1972 ( Mealey 1996 ) . Riverine disposal of untreated shadowings has been practiced since so ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 ) . The IIED and WBCSD ( 2002 ) reference a 30 fold addition in the shadowings production from 1972 to 2000. As of 2002 about 230,000 dozenss of shadowings are disposed off day-to-day straight from the mine into the Aghanwagon River ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 ) . Fig 3 shows a satellite image of mine country along with the river system through which the shadowings are disposed of. The Aghanwagon is connected with the Ajkwa river system through Otomona river. Ajkwa river eventually meets the Arafura sea. A comparative analysis for selected parametric quantities with regard to mining outflowing criterions of US-EPA and Canada Fisheries Act and the Grasberg mine wastewater ( Annex 1 ) is presented in the tabular array 1 below ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 ) . Table 1. Comparison of shadowings featuresGrasberg MineUS EPA criterionCanada Fisheries Act criterionspH11.36-96-9.5Sum suspended solids ( mg/l )558,5842015As ( mg/l )3.94–0.5Cu ( mg/l )5360.150.3Hg ( mg/l )& lt ; 0.0030.001–A expression at the above tabular array would do to grok the monolithic pollution load caused by the direct riverine disposal of untreated shadowings in the environing riverine ecosystem. The negative environmental impacts are chiefly manifested through following two jobs.3.1.1 Problem of depositThe IIED and WBCSD ( 2002 ) estimation shadowings lending up to 93 % of the deposit loads in the river system. This has resulted in change of geo-morphology of the river system. ( Watson 1999 ) . Changes in the nearby river classs of Pika, Uamiau and Aimua as reported by Indonesian Ministry of Population and Environment ( Kennedy et al. 1998 ) further reinforce this claim. Watson ( 1999 ) has estimated that less than 5 % of the entire shadowings reach the Arafura Sea. The shadowing disposals have created an unreal inundation field in the Ajkwa riverine system ( Kennedy et al. 1998 ) . A obstruction of Ajkwa river in mid-1990s caused unreal inundation in the river field ( Watson 1999 ) . In response to the obstruction of the river the company have constructed levees to lodge and incorporate shadowings in the designated inundation field of the river, termed as Ajkwa Deposition Area ( ADA ) ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 ) . The levees are 40 kilometers long, constructed on both bank of the low prevarication inundation field of the Ajkwa river. This has resulted in the devastation of of 30 km2 of rain forest by 2002, and finally entire loss of rain forest in the ADA has been estimated to be 230 km2 ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 ) . In mid-1995 an American research worker have conducted trials of river deposits at Timika, which is the nearest human colony from the mine ( Kennedy et al.1998 ) . The consequences of these trials along with a comparing of Australia and New Zealand ‘s National Health and Medical Research Council ‘s ( NHMRC ) criterions for contaminated sites are presented below. Table 2. Selected heavy metal concentration at riverine deposits in Timika ( Kennedy et al. 1998 )Copper ( ppm )Zinc ( ppm )Lead ( ppm )Ajkwa river deposit229053.31.35( NHMRC ) guidelines for contaminated site60200300Noteworthy from the above tabular array is the inordinate sum of Copper taint. A more recent survey by Brunskill et Al ( 2004 ) has calculated the fluxes of Copper, Zinc and Lead in the Ajkwa river basin. The present fluxes as compared to the background fluxes ( before 1950 ) from the survey are presented below. Table 3. Fluxs of heavy metals at Ajkwa river basin ( Brunskill et al. 1998 )SiteCu flux ( mmol Cu m-2 yr -1 )Zn flux ( mmol Cu m-2 yr -1 )Pb flux ( mmol Cu m-2 yr -1 )3Background390.68Present137181.54Background7.8161.3Present204282.25Background6.6111.1Present129211.8These consequences are peculiarly dismaying for Copper. Since the addition in the background degree is every bit high as 40 times. This study besides shows that this rise in flux absolutely syncs with the rise in production degree of the mine. Sing these high flux rates of the selected metal, the concentration of these metals in the riverine deposits should be much higher now as compared to degrees indicated in Table 2.3.1.2 Impact on H2OThe impact of shadowings disposal on H2O quality of the Ajkwa River is terrible. Ortman and Subra ( 2000 ) conducted field trials to measure extent of the pollution ( Annex I, table B ) . These informations are compared on two degrees. The first comparing has been made with regard to imb ibing H2O quality against World Health Organisation ( 2008 ) guideline values ( Table 4 ) . The 2nd comparing is made with regard to toxic effects on aquatic biology ( Table 5 ) . Table 4. Comparison of H2O quality with regard to WHO guideline valuesMill DischargeOtomona BridgeMid ADAWHO guideline valueAs ( mg/l )3.940.1260.0450.01Cadmium ( mg/l )0.240.0070.0010.003Cu ( mg/l )53613.134.652Hg ( mg/l )0.0030.0030.0030.006Se ( mg/l )0.2940.0020.0020.01The above comparing clearly demonstrates that the river H2O is rendered non-potable by the mine pollution. In fact in 1997, functionary of the local authorities warned local people against imbibing of the river H2O and gave it a â€Å"D† public heath evaluation ( Kennedy et al. 1998 ) . Table 5. Comparison of H2O quality with regard to toxicityMill DischargeOtomona BridgeMid ADAToxic degreeBeginningAs ( mg/l )3.940.1260.0451.85Tisler and Zagorc-Konean ( 2003 )Cadmium ( mg/l )0.240.0070.0010.01Mallett et Al. ( 1992 )Cu ( mg/l )53613.134.650.015Tisler and Zagorc-Konean ( 2003 )Hg ( mg/l )0.0030.0030.0030.000026Canadian Water Quality GuidelineSe ( mg/l )0.2940.0020.0020.002Lemly ( 1992 )Therefore, it can be seen from above that apart from quicksilver the concentrations of heavy metals at the factory discharge location is higher than the aquatic toxic degrees. Particularly for Cu, at all location the measured value is higher than the toxic degree. Locals have reported disappearing of many species of fish from the river ( Chatterjee 1996 ) . An fact-finding study by New York Times has stated the river to be virtually barren of any fish ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) .3.2 Acid Mine Drainage3.2.1 Beginning of Acid Mine DrainageIn the late phases of formation procedure of the G rasberg ore, native sulfur was deposited in fool's gold venas ( Friehauf 2002 ) . When oxidization takes topographic point in deposited shadowings of the ore, acidic conditions can bit by bit develop when Cu sulfide minerals are present ( IIED 2002 ) . Under acerb conditions, metals in the ore may be mobilized. This acerb H2O bearing heavy metals, if non decently treated, may do irreversible pollution of groundwater ( TCE 2008 ) . In 1993, it was reported for the first clip that sedimentation sites in Grasberg contained AMD ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) .Different types of Cu sulfide found in the ore can be illustrated by a sample ( Fig.4 ) . Taken from cardinal stockwork zone of the Grasberg ore, copper pyrites ( brasslike yellow-orange ) , bornite ( dark blue-purple ) , and covellite ( violet or light blue ) can be seen from the specimen. ( FCX 2004 ) . The mine waste incorporating these sulphide bearing minerals, particularly chalcopyrite and bornite, can exercise important environmental impacts in the part ( IIED 2002 ) .3.2.2 Environmental Impacts of Acid Mine DrainageThe Grasberg mine has three billion dozenss of waste stone and shadowings ( Kennedy et al.1998 ) . The local clime is every bit wet as holding 12 pess of rain a twelvemonth, which contributes to oxidization of the mine waste and shadowings ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) . In Freeport ‘s audit, AMD has been reported fluxing into nearby waterco urses ( Kennedy et al. 1998 ) . To cover with the job of AMD, neutralisation procedure is added to the concentration process of Cu ( Golder Associates 1994 ) . The company says that this drainage is treated by roll uping the overflow and neutralizing it with limestone ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) . In one study in congratulations of the mine, it is stated that the shadowing river and the deposition country meets Indonesian and US Environmental Protection Agency imbibing H2O criterions for dissolved metals ( IM 2009 ) . However, several independent surveies and audits have shown much less optimistic state of affairs. The impact on local H2O system is important. Neutralization capableness of limestone in the milieus is finite, so once it is depleted, big sum of toxic metals from the mine will leach into local rivers and H2O system ( Kennedy 1998 ) . It is disclosed that light-green springs could already be seen several stat mis off, which indicates the leach-out of Cu from the drainage has traveled a long distance ( Perlez and Bonner 2005 ) . For illustration, in the Wanagon H2O catchment basin, the acid leachate precipitates when neutralized with calcium hydroxide, and accretion has already started near the lake ( IIED 2002 ) , which may impact the deposit. Ajkwa Deposition Area and estuaries of the Arafura Sea may besides be affected by AMD ( Bryce 2005a ) . Groundwater taint has been detected in the Highlandss of Grasberg ( TCE 2008 ) , and in 1999, pollution of groundwater became important in Tim ika, a town lying below the mine ( Bryce 2005b ) . Furthermore, the Lorentz park is another focal point of concern, because the AMD has polluted the springs in the park and affected its ecological diverseness ( TCE 2008 ) . The Lorentz glaciers ( Figure 5 ) are besides at hazard ( McGinley 2008 ) . To sum up, the clime status in Grasberg aggravates the job of AMD, which has caused pollution to H2O systems including the shadowing river and deposition countries. The nearby World heritage site, Lorentz Park, is besides at hazard due to impact from AMD.DecisionAnnex ITable A. Tailings features ( IIED and WBCSD 2002 )Shadowings solids analysis mg/Kg ( dry footing )Plant discharge – slurry ( mg/l )DissolvedEntirepH––11.3Sum suspended solids––558,584Aluminum28,900––As49& lt ; 0.0023.94Cadmium0.33& lt ; 0.00020.24Copper6,6000.002536Fe56,600––Lead30––Manganese1,400––Mercury0.01& lt ; 0.0003& lt ; 0.0003Selenium3& lt ; 0.0020.294Zinc2000.06061.1Table B. Water quality at different points at the Ajkwa deposition country ( Ortman and Subra 2000 )Mill DischargeOtomona BridgeMid ADAUS EPA criterionANZECC criterionConcentration ( mg/l )DissolvedEntireDissolvedEntireDissolvedEntireSum suspended solids–558,58–12,81–4,968––Aluminum––––––––As& lt ; 0.0023.94& lt ; 0.0020.126& lt ; 0.0020.045––Cadmium& lt ; 0.00020.24& lt ; 0.00020.007& lt ; 0.00020.001––Copper0.0025360.01013.130.0114.650.00290.005Fe––––––––Lead––––––––Manganese––––––––Mercury& lt ; 0.0003& lt ; 0.0003& lt ; 0.0003& lt ; 0.0003& lt ; 0.0003& lt ; 0.0003––Selenium& lt ; 0.0020.294& lt ; 0.002& lt ; 0.002& lt ; 0.002& lt ; 0.002––Zinc0.06061.10.0021.80.0020.536MentionsBrunskill, G. J. , Zagorskis, I. , Pfitzner, J. , and Ellison, J. 2 004. Sediment and hint element depositional history from the Ajkwa River estuarine Rhizophora mangles of Irian Jaya ( West Papua ) , Indonesia. Continental Shelf Research 24: 2535-2551Bryce, R. 2005a. Freeport at Grasberg: ‘Devastated the river system ‘ . News, The Austin Chronicle September 23, 2005. Uniform resource locator: [ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story? oid=oid % 3A292540. [ consulted 29 Jan 2010 ] .Bryce, R. 2005b. Written in Stone. News, The Austin Chronicle September 23, 2005. Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story? oid=oid % 3A292538. [ consulted 29 Jan 2010 ] .Chatterjee, P. 1996. A Cu mine of decease or misplaced incrimination? . Inter Press Service ( February ) . Cited in Kennedy, D. , Chatterjee, P. , and Moody, R. Risky concern the Grasberg gold mine, 16. Berkeley: Undertaking Underground, 1998Earth Observatory ( EO ) . NASA. Grasberg Mine, Indonesi a. Posted August 1, 2005. Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php? id=5718. [ consultd 5 February 2010 ]Freeport-McMoran Copper & A ; Gold ( FCX ) . 2004. How stone comes to life: step-by-step through the excavation procedure. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fcx.com/envir/wtsd/2004/copper.htm. [ consulted 29 Jan 2010 ]Freeport McMoran Copper & A ; Gold Inc. 2008. Core Assets, 2008 Annual Report Phoenix: Freeport McMoran Copper & A ; Gold Inc.URL: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fcx.com/ir/AR/2008/FCX_AR_2008.pdf [ consulted 01 Feb 2010 ]Freeport McMoran Copper & A ; Gold Inc. 2009. Employee engagement Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fcx.com/envir/emply_engag.htm [ consulted 01 Feb 2010 ]Freeport McMoran Copper & A ; Gold Inc. 2009. Economic Development URL: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fcx.com/envir/eco_dev.htm # casestudy1 [ consulted 01 Feb 2010 ]International Institute for Environmen t and Development ( IIED ) 2002. Mining for the Future Appendix J: Grasberg Riverine Disposal Case StudyFriehauf, K. C. 2002. Grasberg Mine Area, Indonesian research and travels, â€Å"Research† . hypertext transfer protocol: //faculty.kutztown.edu/friehauf/indonesia/grasberg.html. [ consulted 29 Jan 2010 ] .Friends of the Earth Netherlands ( Milieudefensie ) 2009. Mining Matters. Unacceptable metal excavation in developing states and the duties of companies in the Netherlands Amsterdam: Friends of the Earth NetherlandsGolder Associates. 1994. Shadowings and River Management Plan Options Executive Summary, Submitted by Golder Associates to PT Freeport Indonesia, November 1994Hills, J. and Welford, R. 2006. Case Study: Auditing for Human Rights: Freeport-McMoRan Copper and Gold in Papua. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 13: 108 – 114.International Institute for Environment and Development ( IIED ) and World Business Council for Sustainable De velopment ( WBCSD ) . 2002. Mining for the hereafter Appendix J: Grasberg riverine disposal instance survey. England: IIED and WBCSDInternational Institute for Environment and Development ( IIED ) . 2002. Mining for the Future. England: IIED.International Mining ( IM ) . 2009. The route to Grasberg. Great mines—Grasberg. International Mining 2009 ( Sep ) : 56-61.Kennedy, D. , Chatterjee, P. , and Moody, R. 1998. Hazardous concern the Grasberg gold mine, 16. Berkeley: Undertaking UndergroundLemly, A. D. 1992. Guidelines for measuring Selenium informations from aquatic monitoring and assessment surveies. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 28: 83-100Mallett, M.J. , Vine, S. , Murgatroyd, C. , Whitehouse, P. , Jerman, E. , Ashby-Crane, R.E. , Fleming, R. , Wwilson, K. and Sims, I. 1992. Toxicity of common pollutants to freshwater life. A reappraisal of the effects of ammonium hydroxide, arsenic, Cd, Cr, Cu, nitrile, Ni, phenol and Zn on autochthonal species. Bristol: Nationa l River Authority R & A ; D study Note 82.Mealey, G. A. , 1996. Grasberg. Los Angeles: Freeport McMoRan Copper and Gold IncMcGinley, M. ( Topic Editor ) ; United Nations Environment Programme-World Conservation Monitoring Centre ( Content Partner ) . 2008. â€Å" Lorentz National Park, Indonesia. † In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland ( Washington, D.C. : Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment ) . [ First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth February 11, 2008 ; Last revised November 21, 2008 ; Retrieved February 5, 2010 ] . Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eoearth.org/article/Lorentz_National_Park, _Indonesia. [ consulted 5 February 2010 ] .National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . 2003. Visible Earth a catalogue of NASA images and lifes of our place planet. Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //veimages.gsfc.nasa.gov//16923/landsat_carstenz_29may03_28 .5m.jpg [ consulted 5th February 2010 ]Ortman, D.E. , and Subra, W. 2000. Review of Freeport AuditPerlez, J. , and Bonner, R. 2005. Below a mountain of wealth a river of waste. New York Times ( New York ) , December 27.Tisler, T. , and Zagroc-Koncan, J. , 2003. Aquatic toxicity of selected chemicals as abasic standard for environmental categorization. Arh Hig Rada Tokiskol 54: 207-213The Council on Ethics ( TCE ) . 2008. To the Ministry of Finance – Recommendation of 15 February 2008. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php? a=8809. [ consulted Jan 29 2010 ] .Watson, M. 1999. External Environmental Audit, PT Freeport Indonesia operationsIrian Jaya, Indonesia. Steamboat Springs, CO, US.Whitmore, A. 2006. The emperor ‘s new apparels: Sustainable excavation? Journal of Cleaner Production 14: 309 – 314. ( beginning URL ) GalyaWohl, E. 2006. Human impacts to mountain watercourses. Geomorphology 79: 217 – 248.World Health Organisat ion ( WHO ) . 2008. Guidelines for imbibing H2O quality.

Erikson’s Timeline Essays

Erikson’s Timeline Essays Erikson’s Timeline Essay Erikson’s Timeline Essay Harmonizing to Erikson. there are eight phases of life. They are babyhood. early childhood. childhood ( play age ) . childhood ( school age ) . striplings and immature maturity. I merely turned 34 this month and I know psychologically that I am in the maturity part of my life. Over the old ages I have caught myself inquiring inquiries like ; who am I? And how do I suit myself into society? I would state over 10 old ages ago I began the 6th phase of my life. familiarity versus isolation. When I finished high school I thought I found that particular individual until I noticed that we became different people. I wanted more out of person to be able to day of the month and be able to fall in love with the right individual. The relationship between the two phases is complex and many people define themselves through intimate relationships with others ; and other proper sequence of the phases can be reversed in many people. Woman in the society traditionally exemplified a meeting of familiar ity and place issues such as adult female identify being defined by her intimate relationships. Sometimes it can be difficult to divide the differences between the development of intimate relationships and grownup itself. Erikson believes that a individual is unable to be genuinely intimate with others until he or she has made advancement with turn toing their ain individuality. Marcia’s. the research worker for individuality position. developed a similar thought with turn toing their ain individuality. Macias besides developed an thought designed to find the quality of familiarity in a person’s life. A individual answered several inquiries about dating. friendly relationship. and interpersonal he or she committednesss may be classified into four classs ; Intimate-works at developing common personal relationships. has several near friends. involved in a committed love relationship. and is able to show both affectionate and angry feelings in the relationship. Pre-intimate- is a individual who has dated but is involved in a committed love relationship. is cognizant of the possibilities of associating closely with others. and feels conflicted about committedness and love relationships. Stereotyped- constricted and immature individual who has non gone beyond superficial dating relationships. has several friends but they lack important deepness. and he/she day of the months on a regular basis but does non acquire involved. Isolated- deficiencies endurance personal relationships. seldom dates and the individual tend to be dying and immature lacking assertiveness and societal accomplishments. If I were to make a trial on myself I would state that I am a really mature individual who knows what she wants in life because when I am with a individual I am really committed and seek my hardest to do things work. I would neer rip off or make anything to ache the individual that I am with. I don’t have any jobs showing my feelings to my spouse. I have a friend who refuses to be in a relationship. I feel that she still has a batch of turning up to make and she enjoys playing with other people’s feelings. These people don’t cognize what love is yet and might non of all time open that page for person else. As for me I know what love is and what it takes to hold a good solid relationship. Mentions: McAdams. ( 2006 ) The individual: A new debut to personality psychological science ( 4th ed. ) Hoboken NJ: John Wiley A ; Sons.