Homeostasis free essay sample

Homeostasis by definition is the technical term for the process of maintaining a constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment. The internal environment comprises of blood, tissue fluid, body cell contents and all metabolic processes taking place inside the body. This process is essential to the survival of a person and to our species as a whole. The liver, the kidneys, and the brain (hypothalamus, the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system) help maintain homeostasis. An inability to maintain homeostasis may lead to death or a disease, for example diseases that can occur due to the result of a homeostatic imbalance include diabetes, dehydration, hypoglycaemia, gout and any disease caused by the presence of a toxin in the bloodstream. Lucky though medical intervention can help restore homeostasis and possibly prevent permanent damage to the organs. How does Homeostasis Work? Homeostasis occurs due to a control mechanism in the body known as negative feedback. We will write a custom essay sample on Homeostasis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Negative feedback occurs when a key variable, such as the PH of blood and tissue fluid, deviates from the acceptable range, and triggers responses that return the variable to a normal range. In basic terms, negative feedback triggers a response that counteracts the deviation which will allow the variable to stay in the normal range. The brain and nervous system both play a major role in controlling homeostasis mechanisms. This is due to the fact that both help the body to anticipate when key variables might rise or fall beyond the accepted range and send signals to the effectors to reverse the change and re-establish the original state. Homeostasis and heart rate Homeostasis is responsible for managing the heart rate. This is controlled by the autonomic nervous system which as two branches, namely the sympathetic nervous and the parasympathetic nervous system. Both these systems are responsible for managing the heart rate. The sympathetic nervous system is active when the body is undergoing muscular work, fear or stress. It causes each heartbeat to increase in strength as well causing an increase in heart rate. The sympathetic nervous system is boosted by the hormone adrenaline during periods of fright, flight and fight. Its nerves are the cardiac nerves. During exercise, a change in sympathetic activity is the predominant mechanism by which speeding and slowing of the heart is achieved. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the heart output and is active during resting, peace and contentment. The Parasympathetic system is the branch of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) responsible for the body’s ability to recuperate and return to a balanced state (homeostasis). The Parasympathetic functions in opposition to the Sympathetic nervous system. When the sympathetic system activates in response to some sort of stressor, the parasympathetic reacts in turn to bring the body back to a state of equilibrium. The main parasympathetic nerve is the vagus nerve and if this is severed the heart beats faster. During exercise the parasympathetic activity decreases as the increase in heart rate during exercise is triggered by the sympathetic nervous system. Both branches of the autonomic nervous system interrelate with each other through the pacemaker (S-A-node). This is a cluster of cells in the right atrium that regulate the heart to suite the circumstances. The cardiac Centre is found in the brain and is responsible for controlling the impulses of the SA Node; this means that the cardiac Centre essentially controls the heart and the heart rate. The Cardiac Centre controls the heart rate by detecting change in blood PH levels through the use of chemoreceptors, the Cardiac Centre also sends nerve impulses to the pace maker and vagus nerves to change the heart rate. During exercise hormones are secreted by the Adrenal gland therefore increasing the activity of the heart. Internal receptors play a role in the heart rate, chemoreceptor’s measure the amount of carbon dioxide in the body whilst baroreceptors measure the blood pressure. Both of which can have an influence on the heart rate. During exercise the body is deprived of oxygen therefore to absorb oxygen the chemoreceptors increase the rate of respiration. As a result of this the heart rate increases as well. Homeostasis and body temperature Thermoregulation is the term used to describe homeostasis and temperature regulation, which is governed by the hypothalamus gland within the brain, both the hypothalamus and receptors in the skin help monitor changes in external and internal temperature, activating the negative feedback system when temperatures exceed or fall beyond normal levels. When this occurs, the effects of homeostasis and temperature control are visible and voluntary, mainly relating to consciously choosing to take off clothing or putting more on to become cooler or warmer. In response to hotter conditions, the body may also react by producing sweat, which serves as a bodily cooling system. Thermoregulation during exercise will try to prevent heat from entering the body; this is done by the hairs on the skin lying flat, preventing heat from being trapped by the layer of still air between the hairs. This is caused by tiny muscles under the surface of the skin called arrector pili muscles relaxing so that their attached hair follicles are not erect. With homeostasis and temperature control in regards to cooler temperatures, the body may start shivering to generate heat through increased activity in the muscles. The adrenal and thyroid glands may produce chemicals and hormones, such as adrenaline and thyroxine to help generate internal heat. When you exercise, your body’s temperature increases, and in attempt to cool you off, your sweat glands the effectors are activated. Heat is generated from a variety of sources. The majority of heat we get is from metabolic processes such as catabolism where energy is transformed during the breakdown of large molecules. These reactions take place across the body and thus are a massive generator of heat. We also get heat from hot food and drinks that we consume as well as from the sun’s rays in extreme cases. However it is important to understand that excess exposure to the sun is not good for your health. When you exercise, the rate at which your body makes energy rapidly increases. This is also known as the metabolic rate. Heat is produced during metabolism, so an increase in metabolic rate also increases heat production. More heat production means a larger rise in body temperature during exercise. For example when we do vigorous exercise our body breaks down muscles fibres and catabolism causes them to rebuild again causing our body temperature to rise due to the heat being generated from the reaction. The skin also has an effect on temperature; functions of the skin include waterproofing the body, protecting the body against radiation and Protecting tissues from friction damage. The skin can help the body lose heat in a number of different ways: Conduction – this is when you body comes in to contact with an object and the heat is generated to the object through the body Convection – this is when you warm up the layer of air next to your skin and it moves upwards to be replaced by cooler air from the ground Radiation – Heat passes from your skin to warm up any colder objects around you and because of this you will warm up by radiation from any object hotter than yourself Evaporation of sweat – When liquid water is converted into water, it requires heat energy to do so. When you are hot, sweating will only cool the skin if it can take heat energy from the skin surface to convert to water vapour and evaporate. Exercise brings about an increase in internal body temperature and skin blood flow. At high environmental temperatures, when skin temperature is elevated, skin blood flow at any given internal temperature reaches higher levels than at cooler skin temperatures. Increased blood flow serves to deliver metabolic heat from the core to the skin. Homeostasis and breathing rate Respiratory rate is controlled by a part of the brain called the medulla, whose main purpose is to maintain a constant rate of respiration. The respiratory rate is defined as the number of breaths a person takes during a one-minute period of time while at rest. The rate of respiration can be influenced by the level of carbon dioxide in the blood, which makes the chemoreceptors aroused, thus leading to impulses being sent by the medulla to the intercostals nerves to increase the breathing rate. The control of the nerves, impulses and the breathing organs in order to create an equilibrium that provides a suitable internal environment is through homeostasis. Like the heart, respiration increases in line with exercise intensity in order to supply the increased O2 demands of the working muscles The internal receptors that are responsible for breathing rate are known as stretch receptors; these receptors are found in the tissues and muscles and have the function of informing the nervous system on the status of ventilation. The autonomic nervous system plays a role in the pace of our breathing; the sympathetic nervous system relaxes the muscles which slow down the breathing rate whilst the parasympathetic nervous system causes contraction. When we exercise our lungs expand, when the lung tissue is stretched by inflation, the stretch receptors respond by sending impulses to the respiratory centre, which in turn slows down the rate of inhalations. As the expiratory phase begins, the receptors are no longer stretched, impulses are no longer sent, and inhalation can begin again. This is called the Hering-Breuer deflation reflex. The respiratory Centre is located in the medulla, the respiratory Centre is known as the involuntary Centre because we can’t control it voluntarily. The respiratory sector consists of two groups of nerve cells referred to as the inspiratory and the expiratory Centre. The respiratory Centre controls the rate and depth of the respiratory movements of the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles. As the carbon dioxide levels increase, as it does during exercise, the respiratory Centre strengthens the signal stimulating the breathing. Responding to this stronger signal, the respiratory muscles increase both the speed and depth of breathing. The inspiratory Centre sends nerve impulses to the nerves of the diaphragm whilst the expiratory Centre sends impulses to the respiratory system, causing relaxation and expiration; because both systems have opposite functions when one is active the other is not. The action of breathing in and out is due to changes of pressure within the thorax, in comparison with the outside. This action is also known as external respiration, when we inhale the intercostals muscles (between the ribs) and diaphragm contract to expand the chest cavity allowing more oxygen to enter the body. Your breathing is under both voluntary and involuntary control, and involves two distinct phases: inhalation and exhalation. Inhalation typically is an active movement, and it involves muscle contraction from your diaphragm, abdominal muscles and intercostal muscles to be maximally effective. When you inhale, your diaphragm contracts and moves downward, away from your chest cavity, and the pressure in your lungs drops, when we exhale your diaphragm relaxes and shifts upward into your chest cavity. Your diaphragm also helps you vomit, expel solid and liquid waste. The abdominal muscles are the muscles help move your diaphragm during inhalation and give you more power to empty your lungs. Your intercostal muscles are important ventilatory muscles, but they should only be actively used during activitiessuch as vigorous exercisethat require significant rib cage expansion and a corresponding increase in oxygen intake. Homeostasis and glucose levels Glucose concentrations in the blood stream are primarily controlled by the action of two antagonistic pancreatic hormones, insulin and glucagon. Glucose is first detected in the bloodstream by glucose transporter receptors expressed on the surface of specialized pancreatic cells known as alpha- and beta-cells. Beta-cells respond to rising levels of blood glucose by secreting the hormone insulin. Insulin restores normal levels of glucose in the blood by signalling body tissues to take up glucose for energy, or to convert glucose to glycogen and lipids as future energy stored in the liver, muscle and fat cells. Basically if blood glucose levels are too high the pancreases will secrete insulin which will help to lower the blood glucose levels In the event of low levels of glucose, the alpha-cells of the pancreas release the hormone glucagon to stimulate skeletal muscle and the liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose and adipose tissue to digest lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. Glucagon also stimulates the liver to synthesize glucose from glycerol in the blood. All these reactions work together to raise glucose levels back to normal. Basically if blood glucose levels are too low the liver will release glycogen into the blood stream to increase the glucose levels in the body. When you exercise, your body responds to the activity by releasing hormones that cause your body to increase blood glucose levels. This occurs through a process called gluconeogenesis or glycogenesis that happens in the liver. Glucose that has been previously converted and stored in the liver as glycogen is converted back to glucose and sent to the muscles. In the muscles, the glucose is broken down to yield ATP, which is the fuel source for muscles. Changes in the body during exercise (general) During exercise your body can undergo a number of changes that have already been mentioned in the document but for the sake of summarising the information here is the effect on exercise on the body. During exercise, your heart rate will rapidly increase due to the amount of exercise you are doing but will slowly return to normal when you are at rest or you get exhausted. If you continue to exercise, your heart rate will increase right up until you near exhaustion, at which the heart rate levels off as it approaches its maximum level. The heart rate of an individual during exercise will be heavily dependent upon the current fitness level of Your body temperature will change depending on the intensity of the exercise you are doing. If the temperature goes to high, you might get overheated and get dizzy; this is why your body sweats, to cool off. This is known as a homeostatic response. If it goes to low, it means you’re not even doing exercise. During exercise especially training that requires explosive movements (sprinting) it is common for sweating to occur and for the body to be feeling tired due to the build-up of lactic acid from anaerobic respiration. Your glucose levels or sugar levels are very important and must not change dramatically during exercise or you might start to experience side effects. You might start to feel weaker and less energetic if your glucose levels get to low whereas if they are too high, you might become really hyper. This is because we rely heavily on glucose for energy in the body. Finally, your breathing rate is determined by the amount of oxygen you take in, which is also affected by the amount of exercise you do. You could get out of breath really quickly if you don’t exercise properly to allow the right build-up of oxygen in the lungs. The breathing rate of an individual is dependent upon their current fitness levels as a fit person would have to take in less breathes to receive oxygen than an unfit person would due the fit person having a lower resting heart rate. Importance of Homeostasis in maintaining healthy functions of the body Homeostasis is incredibly important in maintaining the functions of the body by identifying deviances in the norms and making sure they are taken care of as efficiently as possible. If our body is unable to maintain homeostasis, we get weaker and in the worst case scenario, we effectively die. This is called homeostatic imbalance. Homeostatic imbalance can lead to diabetes and dehydration amongst other problems. Homeostasis in the body is maintained through three of the body’s vital organs, the brain, the kidney and the liver. Together, these organs regulate body temperature, the iron content in our blood, the retention and production of energy and overall blood composition. If homeostasis did not function properly the heart rate would escalate and drop at rapid rates causing death due to the heart either pumping too much causing heart attacks and other ailments or pumping to less causing lack of oxygen to the body. This is due to the autonomic nervous system controlling the heart rate and the internal receptors picking up any deviances. If homeostasis did not function properly the body temperature would not be able to change when conditions are extreme. For example if the temperature was very hot our body would eventually experience severe problems that are associated with heat such as heat stroke and hyperthermia and at a much faster rate than normal. This is because without homeostasis our bodies would not be able to revert back to normal temperatures and mechanisms such as sweating to cool our bodies down would not come into play meaning that are temperature would stay hot which would eventually result in our deaths as are body can only function at a certain temperature otherwise our organs would fail. Likewise if we became cold and homeostasis didn’t help correct the imbalance our bodies would be more likely to contact conditions such as hypothermia which would greatly affect our bodies’ ability for metabolism and other reactions that occur in the body as well as our bodily functions. If homeostasis did not function properly we would likely die due to our chemoreceptors not picking up the amount of carbon dioxide in our blood resulting in poisoning as our bodies would not increase the breathing rate to take in more oxygen and reduce the carbon dioxide. Along with this the respiratory centre would not function properly as would the autonomic nervous system which would mean that if your breathing rate were to increase it would remain at that rate due to homeostasis being unable to correct the deviance. If homeostasis did not regulate blood glucose we would die as glucose are our primary source of energy within the body. Without homeostasis our bodies would not be able to differentiate between high or low blood sugar. If our blood sugar levels were to low the pancreas would not be able to secrete glycogen due to the fact that the Alpha cells would not pick up the deviance. This means that the glycogen would not be able to be converted into glucose because the pancreas would not know to release glycogen. Likewise if blood sugar levels were too high the body would not no to release insulin from the pancreas because the beta cells would not pick up the deviance. This is how diabetes occurs.

Ship Burial at Sutton Hoo Essays

Ship Burial at Sutton Hoo Essays Ship Burial at Sutton Hoo Paper Ship Burial at Sutton Hoo Paper When was the discovery at Sutton hoo made? How did international events complicate the first excavation? What were some later findings? Studies show that the discovery at sutton hoo made in 1939. It contained lots of wealth and artifacts. International events complicate the first excavation because the original excavation of the mounds was destroyed in World War 2. The only evidence was the picture of the reverts in the sand. Included in the treasure are some of the finest pieces of barbarian metalwork such as large gold belt buckle. There was also found a pair of cloisonne shoulder clasps, and the remains of a warriors helmet. 2. What was the burial ship? What were some items found in the excavation? Ship burial or boat grave is a burial where a ship or boat is used as a container for the dead and the grave goods. It also used as a part of the grave goods itself. If the ship is very small, it is called a boat grave. There were lots of items established in the excavation. In the burial site there were 41 items of solid gold. The ship also contained 37 coins, three unstuck coin blanks, and two small ingots, all of gold. The gold coins and jewelry, the silver utensils, potted in the sand, of an exceptionally large ship, as well as other valuable items, were intended to accompany a powerful individual on his final journey. The Sutton Hoo ship shows both master craftsmanship and major technical modernism such as a fixed steering position and shorter and narrower board for more elasticity. 3. Examnie one of the remains of the Anglo-Saxon weaponry containers and compare it to a quote in Beowulf describing a similar object. The similarities the Helmet from Anglo Saxon and Beowulf, Beowulf’s helmet. Sutton. Hoo Anglo Saxon Helmet The helmet which was found in the Sutton hoo ship was a remarkable discovery and the artifacts indicate that the grave was of a high status, but not conclusively royal. â€Å"Ancient Saxon tomb yields royal treasures is misleading in the claim that a boar motif on the helmet indicates that this was a royal grave of an Anglo- Saxon king†. Similar to the Beowulf helmet, the Beowulf helmet is besette swin-licum, set around with boar images, and in another instance, sweord swate fah swin offer helmet the sword stained with gore the swine above the helmet, which brings to mind the free-standing boar on the Benty Grange helmet the closest parallel to the Northamptonshire find. † The quotes of the is written, The Independent. London (UK): May 2, 1997. pg. 21 4How does the discovery at sutton hoo confirm the Anglo-Saxon culture’s mixture of paganism and Christianity? The discoveries at Sutton Hoo confirm the Anglo-Saxon cultures. It was important for the expansion of our knowledge and awareness of the magnificent art and culture. For the first time, we can see Anglo-Saxon art and material culture on the royal level. Sutton Hoo confirms an interesting mixture of Christian and pagan traditions that have done much to shed light on passages from Anglo-Saxon poetry dealing with the burial process. Episodes in poems such as Beowulf now have solid, archaeological evidence to add creditability to the often strange blend of customs presented in the text.

Occupational Safety and Health Law Handbook Essay - 1

Occupational Safety and Health Law Handbook - Essay Example HIPAA amplified patient security with was critical towards patient security as it introduced new legislation that protect critical information such as social security number, private medical information and payment. This facilitated the cause of security and eliminated many types of frauds that plagued the industry. Another element that was emphasized in 2002 was health hazards. Hazard identification is a critical steps towards identifying risk management process. It is where individual work hazards are identified and rectified through a mitigation plan for the safety of others. Prior to 2002, there was no log of audits for hazard identifications. However after 2002, organizations were not only audited but were required by law to keep logs of information and history for the sake of safe for employees. In 2002, these processes were more refined. Organizations were required to not only develop processes for efficient use of resources OSHA Small Business > Small Business Handbook. (n.d.).  OSHA Small Business > Small Business Handbook. Retrieved August 19, 2014, from

Statement that addresses my reasons for transferring and the Personal

That addresses my reasons for transferring and the objectives I hope to achieve - Personal Statement Example I am most intrigued and highly enthusiastic on his research that delve into the development of a drug involving a new curcumin-hybrid compound—CNB-001— that repairs stroke damage at the molecular level that feeds and supports neurons. I am confident that something optimistic and positive would be gained from the research and I am honored to be included as an instrumental part of the research. My personal and professional goals include expanding one’s knowledge, skills and abilities towards the health care profession to enable me to work with the marginalized and underprivileged people in Africa. I realized and recognized that the plight of majority of people in third world countries regarding access to much needed health care and professional medical advice remains insufficient due to lack of financial resources and access to more comprehensive information on health care needs. By shadowing emergency room physicians at the San Joaquin Community Hospital in Bakersfield, California, much needed skills and competencies in addressing various health conditions are aptly developed and improved. To gain a more holistic exposure to various settings and addressing the medical needs of diverse peoples from different cultural and demographic orientations, I have joined a variety of civic and social organizations, such as the French club, environmental club, interact club, and Armenian club, to name a few. After having attended a French immersion school in Washington, the proficiency in the French, as a second language continue to be harnessed. To date, I can speak fluently in English, Armenian, French, and Estonian. These skills in other languages are a plus factor in one’s future profession to directly communicate with people speaking these languages. I am very much interested in pursuing other activities and endeavors that would broaden my cultural knowledge and thereby contribute to increased manifestation of versatility, flexibility and adaptability to

An analysis of the micro and macro environment of M&S Research Paper

An analysis of the micro and macro environment of M&S - Research Paper Example However, the company has reported a decline in sales in the current year with a significant reduction of 8.1% in purchases that are made through online mediums (Ahmed, 2014). Even though, the brand name and customer loyalty which is linked with M&S has survived and even grown tremendously over a significant period, the company’s financial woes and slumping sales have emerged as a cause of concern for the management and shareholders. As reported by Rankin (2014) the company’s homeware and clothing divisions have been marked by the demonstration of disappointment monetary performances over a period of the past twelve financial quarters. Despite of the commitment shown by CEO Marc Bolland that revival would come soon enough, the company’s woes which have recently been maximized because of a serious website error and related technical issues continue to grow (Ahmed, 2014). Moreover, competitive concerns from local brands like Primark and international heavyweights like Zara postulate that the company may have to experience challenges in terms of exploring more viable opportunities in the clothing division (Ruddick, 2012). This research aims to aid the development of a critical assessment and analysis of Marks and Spencer’s micro and macro economic situation for the purpose of evaluating the future prospects and options which are available for the company to successfully and effectively cope with present issues. The framework or model of a SWOT analysis is an imperative component in assessing and examining the internal and external issues and prospects within a firm. As noted by Hill and Westbrook (1997), the application of SWOT analysis can aid companies in decision making procedures and aid the development of long term corporate planning to meet the specific requirements which have been outlined by the designated objectives at corporate, business, operational and tactical

Problem Statement And Methodology Engineering Essay

Problem Statement And Methodology Engineering Essay Refrigeration or Cooling may be defined as the process of removing heat. This process may be accomplished by using one of the refrigeration systems; vapor compression, absorption or thermoelectric refrigeration systems. The first two systems need high and low pressure sides of a working fluid to complete the refrigeration cycle. The thermoelectric refrigeration system, however, uses electrons rather than refrigerant as a heat carrier. (Davis, 2005) Thermoelectric coolers are greatly needed, particularly for the developing countries situation where long life and low maintenance are needed. In this aspect, thermoelectrics cannot be challenged, in spite of the fact that their coefficient performance is not as high as for a vapor compression cycle. Thermoelectric refrigerators have the advantages of being small, lightweight, rugged, reliable, and insensitive to orientation, noiseless, portable and low cost in mass production. (Davis, 2005) Thermoelectric cooler has been widely used in military, aerospace, instrument, and industrial or commercial products, as a cooling device for specific purposes. This technology has existed for about 40 years. (Riffat, 2000) Many researchers are concerned about the physical properties of the thermoelectric material and the manufacturing technique of thermoelectric modules. In addition to the improvement of the thermoelectric material and module, the system analysis of a thermoelectric refrigerator is equally important in designing a high-performance thermoelectric refrigerator. (Huang, 2000) The heat flux generated in the processor chip is rising day by day at a very fast rate with development because of reduction in CPU sizes and large amount of heat load generated at the chip. Consequently, it is becoming a challenging task for researchers to handle such enormous amounts of heat fluxes. Moores had proved that number of transistors on a integrated circuit is increasing exponentially year after year .So heat load in the CPU also increases at the same rate with the increase in the speed moreover the size of the chip today which we normally talk about is of the order of mm which is in turn making problem more complicated. The high heat generation inside the CPU may result in slowing down the computation speed, failure of the processor chip, gate oxide breakdown, effect on screen resolution and many more electrical failures as well as mechanical failures (Davis, 2005) Presently in CPU very complicated designs of air cooled heat sinks are used which dissipates heat to the surroundings by flowing large volumes of air. These heat sinks have two major shortcomings. Due to space constrains air should be thrown at very high velocities and to maintain such velocities big size fan has to be used. Also, the air flowing at high velocities creates a lot of noise. Moreover, in air cooled units there is no active cooling device so we cant go below the ambient temperature. As a result working at high speeds in the hot ambient conditions had become extremely difficult. Chip cooling is one of the bottlenecks in the high density electronics. There is need of some better cooling techniques for the same. So, now a day researchers are working a lot on liquid cooled systems, because they have nearly 10 times (Davis, 2005) the heat transfer coefficient than that of air cooled ones. In water based liquid cooling systems, the heat is pumped to water block by some cooling device from which water takes away the heat to finally throw it in the surroundings . The most commonly used device to pump heat to water block in such system is TEC (Thermoelectric coolers). TEC consumes their own power and cool down the chip by extracting the heat from it and transferring it to the water block. Water runs inside the channel in the water block and takes away the heat from it. The hot water is further cooled in the condenser. With the help of Thermoelectric water cooling system the chip temperature can be easily made to go below ambient temperature which is not possible by the existing systems, and thus the CPU can be made to operate at high speeds and higher loads in even hot ambient conditions. Thus TEC have potential opportunities for chip cooling and can prove very effective if a proper system is developed for the same. 1.2 Problem statement Chip cooling is one of the bottlenecks in high density electronics. An enormous amount of heat flux is generated by the modern processor chip. Nowadays many complicated designs of air cooled heat sinks are used, but off late the heat fluxes have attained such a level that to handle them very large volume flow rate of air is required. So due to space constraint, in order to achieve large flow rates, air should be blown at very high velocities which in turn result in increased levels of noise. Another major disadvantage of air cooling is that we cant go below ambient temperature and as a consequence, tendency of chip failure in the computers working in ambient condition of about 35 °C 45 °C increases a lot. For all these reasons it has become apparent that the heat fluxes have reached such a level that air cooling cant handle them efficiently. Thus the present scenario necessitates the use of active cooling devices. Thermoelectric coolers having the ability to cool below ambient and having advantage of being compact, light weight, free of moving parts and precise temperature control have high potentials for chip cooling. It is known that the temperature of the thermoelectric module is the main criterion for its reliability and performance. The temperature rise of the hot side above ambient is dependent on the thermal resistance of the path that the heat sink. Reducing the thermal resistance of the heat sink contributes to the reduction of the thermal resistance of the path and hence an increase in the performance. So a liquid heat exchanger with spiral flow passage having dimples is used. Dimples result in effective heat transfer by creating turbulence and thus enhancing the performance of the system. 1.3 Research Objectives Understanding the basics of Thermoelectric coolers, working of Thermoelectric Cooling Systems and parameters that governs the performance of such systems Design, fabrication and development of an efficient thermoelectric cooling system for computer chips Carrying out experimentation and analysis of the performance of the developed system 1.4 Methodology 1.5 Work Plan These are some of the important tasks that would be performed during this research Understanding the basic concepts of thermoelectric cooling Study of the existing CPU cooling techniques Literature review regarding the topic and study about the effect due dimples along the flow of water Deciding the various parameters for which system has to be designed Deciding about the thermoelectric module which will produce the desired cooling effect Design of the experimental set up and identification of the various equipments to be required Market survey for all the required equipments Procurement of the equipments Design and fabrication of the dimpled water block Design and fabrication of the heat exchanger Preparation of the experimental set up Carrying out experiments and obtaining the results Analysis of results Checking out the performance of the thermoelectric module used Comparison of the designed water block with some commercially existing water block Discussions and conclusion Report writing 1.6 Expected Outcomes An understanding of the application of thermoelectric cooling systems would be developed. Important advantages of the thermoelectric cooling systems in current scenario of high density electronics would be presented. The complete thermoelectric cooling unit for CPU chip would be designed, fabricated and tested for the desired loads Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The History of Thermoelectrics In 1821, Thomas Seebeck discovered that a continuously flowing current is created when two wires of different materials are joined together and heated at one end. This idea is known as the Seebeck Effect (Figure 1.1). The Seebeck effect has two main applications including temperature measurement and power generation. (Global Techno Scan, nd) Figure 1.1 Seebeck Effect S= dV / dT; S is the Seebeck Coefficient with units of Volts/K S is positive when the direction of electric current is same as the direction of thermal current In 1834, a French watchmaker and part time physicist, Jean Peltier found that an electrical current would produce a temperature gradient at the junction of two dissimilar metals. This effect is known as the Peltier Effect. This idea forms the basis for the thermoelectric refrigerator (Global Techno Scan, nd) Figure 1.2 Negative Peltier effect a) For à Ã… ¸ When current is allowed to pass through n-type semiconductor shown in above circuit, high energy electrons move from right to left resulting in cooling of far end. Thermal current and electric current flow in opposite directions (Global Techno Scan, nd) Figure 1.3 Positive Peltier effect b) For à Ã… ¸ >0; Positive Peltier coefficient When current is allowed to pass through p-type semiconductor shown in above circuit, high energy holes move from left to right resulting in heating of far end. Thermal current and electric current flow in same direction (Global Techno Scan, nd) q=à Ã… ¸*j, where q is thermal current density (Heat flux) and j is electrical current density. Also, à Ã… ¸= S*T (Volts) Peltier coefficient Where, T is the Absolute Temperature Scottish scientist William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) discovered in 1854 that if a temperature difference exists between any two points of a current carrying conductor, heat is either evolved or absorbed depending upon the material. If such a circuit absorbs heat, then heat may be evolved if the direction of the current or of the temperature gradient is reversed. 2.2 Thermoelectric Refrigeration A thermoelectric device is one that operates on a circuit that incorporates both thermal and electrical effects to convert heat energy into electrical energy or electrical energy to a temperature gradient. Thermoelectric elements perform the same cooling function as Freon -based vapor compression or absorption refrigerators. Energy is taken from a region thereby reducing its temperature. The energy is than rejected to a heat sink region with a higher temperature. Thermoelectric elements are in a totally solid state, while vapor cycle devices have moving mechanical parts that require a working fluid (Tellurex, nd) Thermoelectric modules are small, sturdy, quiet heat pumps operated by a DC power source. They usually last about 200,000 hours in heating mode or about 20 years if left on cooling mode. When power is supplied, the surface where heat energy is absorbed becomes cold; the opposite surface where heat energy is released becomes hot. If the polarity of current flow through the module is reversed, the cold side will become the hot side and vice-versa. Thermoelectric modules can also be used as thermocouples for temperature measurement or as generators to supply power to spacecrafts and electrical equipment. (Tellurex, nd) Thermoelectric devices can also be used as refrigerators on the bases of the Peltier effect. To create a thermoelectric refrigerator, heat is absorbed from a refrigerated space and than rejected to a warmer environment. The difference between these two quantities is the net electrical work that needs to be supplied. These refrigerators are not overly popular because they have a low coefficient of performance. The coefficient of performance for thermoelectric refrigerators can be calculated by dividing the cooling effect by the work input. (Tellurex, nd) 2.3 Semiconductors The semiconductor materials are N and P type, and are so named because either they have more electrons than necessary to complete a perfect molecular lattice structure (N-type) or not enough electrons to complete a lattice structure (P-type). The extra electrons in the N-type material and the holes left in the P-type material are called carriers and they are the agents that move the heat energy from the cold to the hot junction. Heat absorbed at the cold junction is pumped to the hot junction at a rate proportional to carrier current passing through the circuit and the number of couples. Good thermoelectric semiconductor materials such as bismuth telluride greatly impede conventional heat conduction from hot to cold areas, yet provide an easy flow for the carriers. In addition, these materials have carriers with a capacity for transferring more heat. Since semiconductors were found to have large Seebeck coefficients, good electrical conductivities, and poor thermal conductivities, on e has made a breakthrough in the use of the Peltier-effect in thermoelectric devices to produce refrigeration. Currently, thermoelectric refrigerators, made of semiconductor, materials, have many interesting applications because of their small size, simplicity, quietness and reliability. 2.4 Basic Working Principle of Thermoelectric Coolers Thermoelectric coolers are semiconductor devices which works on the principle of Peltier effect (Haung, 2005) i.e. when a current is passed between the junctions of two dissimilar materials then a temperature difference is created between the two junctions. In thermoelectric coolers we have a P type and an N type semiconductor connected together when we pass the current, at the cold junction electrons travel from P side to N side as P type being at lower energy level and N type at higher energy level. So when electron travels it absorbs energy at the cold side. Similarly at the hot side electron travels from N side to P side thereby releasing the energy. And in this way a temperature gradient is established between hot side and cold side (Haung, 2005) 2.5 Advantages of Thermoelectric Coolers Thermoelectric coolers have some unique advantages over other cooling systems. The various advantages are (Chien, 2004) Ideal for localized cooling due to small size Highly controllable cooling power Convenient power supply Precise temperature control Sub-ambient cooling capacity Spot cooling Compact, Quite, and free of moving parts Low maintenance 2.6 A typical thermoelectric cooling system: Fig. 1 shows working of a thermoelectric system. The heating and cooling functions of the thermoelectric system can be interchanged by reversing the polarity of the direct current applied to it. Capacity control in a thermoelectric system can be achieved by varying the voltage applied to the couples either by a variable voltage control or by switching series and parallel circuits. As the voltage drops, the temperature difference between the hot and cold side is reduced. (Chien, 2004) On the cold side of the module we have the heat source from which heat is to be removed and on the hot side we have a heat sink which finally throws the heat into the ambient. Design of the heat sink is an important parameter for improving the performance of the thermoelectric module. For many applications, the advantages of TEC outweigh its main disadvantage of low coefficient of performance. (Chien, 2004) Figure 2.1 Thermoelectric cooler (Chien, 2004) 2.7 Thermal Parameters Governing Performance of TEC The selection of a thermoelectric for a particular application is mainly dependent on the three important parameters. These are temperature of the hot surface (Th), the temperature of the cold surface (Tc) and the amount of heat to be extracted at the cold side of the module (Qc) (Haung, 2005). The heat sink is attached at the hot side of the module where the heat gets released when the DC power is applied to the module. The hot side temperature of the module while using a air cooled heat sink whether natural or forced convection, can be found out using below equations (Haung, 2005) Th = Tamb + Rth(Qh) (1.1) Qh = Qc + Qp (1.2) The temperatures rise above ambient, of the hot side, takes place because of the thermal resistance of the heat. If we know the thermal resistance of the heat sink then the general estimates of the rise in temperature above ambient are as stated below: (Haung, 2005) 20 °C to 40 °C in case of Natural Convection 10 °C to 15 °C in case of Forced Convection 2 °C to 5 °C in case of Liquid Cooling (In this case is the rise above the liquid coolant temperature) The performance coefficient for a thermoelectric cooling system can be calculated with the help of the following equation: 2.8 Application of thermoelectric cooling TEC (Thermoelectric Cooler) is different from conventional compression refrigeration; there are no moving parts. Since there are no moving parts, there is nothing to wear out and nothing is generating noise. There is no refrigerant to contain so the problem of handling a two-phase change over is simplified. Pressure tight tubing is replaced by electrical wiring. There is no ozone layer hazard (Melcor, nd). Thermoelectric coolers offer the potential to enhance the cooling of electronic module packages to reduce chip operating temperatures or to allow higher module powers. Thermoelectric coolers also offer the advantages of being compact, reliable, and their degree of cooling may be controlled by the current supplied. Unfortunately, compared to vapor-compression refrigeration, they are limited in the heat flux that they can accommodate and exhibit a lower coefficient of performance (COP). These two limitations have generally limited thermoelectrics to niche. The thermoelectric coolers are used in the electronics of the cruise missile, critical equipment on aircraft, critical camera components in a pod aircraft navigation system and many military applications. Thermoelectric coolers provide compact heat exchangers that are not attitude-sensitive and do not contain excessive tubing and fittings that can be susceptible to vibration 2.9 Previous Work done at International level Till today air coolers are meeting the needs of CPU cooling, with the increased size of heat sinks and an increase in fan speed. The typical resistance of air coolers with high fan speeds is 0.2 °C/W (Bar Cohen, 2000). But with further increase in the heat flux, air cooling techniques seems to be diminishing because of the limitations already mentioned. The next best solution to the problem is the use of liquid cooling techniques as the liquids have relatively very high convective heat transfer coefficients then air and thus minimizing the thermal resistance. The liquid cooling systems involves water block for efficient heat transfer to the liquid. Experiments have been carried out by mounting water blocks directly over the CPU chip and they have shown to be very efficient then the air cooled techniques. With the use of direct water-cooling techniques the chip temperature can be kept at 30 °C for an ambient condition of 25 °C with a CPU load of 60W whereas with air cooling it goes to 45 °C (Bar Cohen, 2000). But with the development of thermoelectric coolers it had made possible to take the chip temperature even below ambient. Thermoelectric Coolers have unique advantages over other cooling devices Chein and Huang (2004) studied usage of thermoelectric cooler for electronic cooling. The cooling capacity, junction temperature, coefficient of performance (COP) of TEC and the required heat sink resistance at the hot side were computed. They found that the cooling capacity could be increased as Tc is increased and ΆT is reduced. The maximum cooling capacity and chip junction temperature obtained were 207 W and 88 °C, respectively. The required heat sink resistance on TEC hot side was found to be .054 °C/W. A micro channel heat sink ( with size of 55mm x 55mm with channel width of 0.3 mm) using water or air as coolant was also demonstrated to meet the low thermal heat sink resistance requirement for TEC operated at maximum cooling capacity conditions. Huang et al in 2005 studied the distribution of temperature for a thermoelectric cooler under the effects of Joule heating, Fourier Heat conduction, Thomson effect and convection and radiation heat transfer. They tried to enalyze and explore some of the important things like Thomson effects influence on the distribution of temperature, on the amount of heat that flows back to the cold side, the maximum temperature difference attained and the maximum amount of heat extracted etc. They finally concluded that other than improving the thermoelectric materials for increasing the cooling efficiency of the module the other possible way is to take the advantage of Thomson effect this also helps in improving the cooling efficiency. Researches are already going on for incorporating thermoelectric water cooling systems for the CPU. The key factor in using such kind of systems is to have highly efficient water blocks with low thermal resistances and to have thermoelectric modules with proper Qmax. Many complicated water block design exist in the present market. The typical thermal resistances of the water blocks used presently for such systems are 0.08 °C/W (Bar Cohen, 2000).

Understanding Genetic Engineering Essay -- Genetic Engineering

What if cancer could be cured by eating a pear? Or if a crop of wheat could be developed so that it never rotted? These may sound like science fiction but they're not as strange as they first seem to be, and may even be reality in the future. Fifteen years ago who would have thought that plants could be created to be immune to pesticides or that it would be possible to create a sheep that is exactly like its parent in every physical way? And yet both of these currently exist due to genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is a developing science that is viewed with a lot of public apprehension. No one seems to be able to explain what genetic engineering is, when it first began, or what the possibilities are for the future of this science. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency genetic engineering is: â€Å"A process of inserting new genetic information into existing cells in order to modify a specific organism for the purpose of changing one of its characteristics† (USEPA 1). Cells are the smallest living things on earth , but all organisms are made up of different kinds of cells. Some organisms are made up of only one cell, but most organisms are made up of trillions of different cells with each cell having its own job within an organism. Some cells make skin, some make leaves, and others make up nerves and brains (Franklin Institute 1). All cells begin the same with no distinction from other cells; at this stage they are called stem cells and are able to develop into whatever form of cell is needed. Inside each cell is a control center called a nucleus that contains the code with the information for the cell's development. This code is written on deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, and is store d in packages, or chrom... ...gineering. 2004. 10 September 2010 Paternity Experts. Basic Genetics. 2009. 11 September 2010 Union of Concerned Scientists. Genetic Engineering Techniques 18 July 2003. 9 September 2010 U.S. Department of Energy Genome Programs (USDEGP). Gene Therapy. 11 June 2009. 11 September 2010 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (USEPA) Terms of Environment: Glossary, Abbreviations and Acronyms. 2October 2006. 8 September 2010

The Definition of Institutionalize Racism

United States of America is not a country for one specific group of people such as French, China, or Angola. Instead, many of these people come to United States to live. Under one roof, all these different groups have to coexist for this country to function properly. As a result of interaction between groups of different background, race, tension develops. Soon, it becomes a personal dislike from one member of one group for members of another group. While these feeling are unavoidable and sometimes understandable, it is unacceptable to institutionalize these feelings and make it an acceptable part of society. Yet, this has existed and prospered in the social fabric of America since the day of slavery. Black Americans, victims of this institution of racism, have tried to change the system through legal means, and protest. The government has responded through legislation such as Civil Right Act of 1965 and Affirmative Action. These policies have faced opposition from some white Americans, but Justice Blackmun said, â€Å"In order to beyond racism, we must take account of race. † The institution of racism has targeted minority Americans as its victim by denying them the opportunity that everyone else have such as making a living. Those policies address this problem by using race, rightfully, to identify who is the victim of racism, and discrimination. Racism has plagued the public education system long before Brown vs. Board of Education. Segregation has led to underfunded school that has no tools to teach children in black-dominated area. State and local government use property tax to determine the amount of fund a school gets. However, properties in black-dominated area are either run-down, or have low value. As a result, underfunded schools lead to underfunded education that gives black students no skill to make a living. Very few of them will be able to get out of the poverty cycle that has plagued their parents. After Brown vs. Board of Education, mandatory busing has tried to bring black students to white dominated neighborhood school, and also bring white students to urban school. This policy has given black students access to school that has better facilities and equipment. It has forced states and locals government to give more funds to urban school. Many white parents have refused to send their children to urban school for countless reason. They have a valid claim that busing violates their personal freedom. The court has to decide between two conflicting interests, whether to give equal access to one group at the expense of one individual's personal freedom. After deciding in favor of equal opportunity, the court has tried to enforce the decision by mandatory busing, and it has even used the National Guard to escort black students to white school. However, it did not require states to change their school overnight. State and local government then began to have gradual mandatory busing. However, gradualism has watered down the effort of true integration. Juan Williams, Thurgood Marshall's biographer, has said on C-span that Marshall has regretted for not having demanding more aggressively for rapid integration. Today, due to the court keep chipping away part and part of Brown vs. Board of education, school integration and busing remain far and few. State and local government have almost stopped funding for mandatory busing. As a result, public school has become as segregated as ever and the accomplishment of Brown vs. Board of Education has vanished. In its place are programs such as magnet, school choice, voluntary enrollment, or voucher. However, these programs fall far short the goal of equal access, and integration. Magnet, school choice, or voluntary busing promise to bring diversity to school. However, these programs only bring children from urban school into suburban school. White parents will not risk sending their children to urban school for reasonable fear of drugs, crime, or lack of educational equipment. Suburban schools will end up getting more money, and urban schools will keep losing money and students. Since these programs have a quota of how many student can enroll, the majority of students cannot enroll. These unfortunate ones will have to settle for a school that lacks money at their neighborhood. So, these programs only allow a selected few to have an opportunity that students in suburban schools have. Another program is voucher that promotes to give poor minority students a chance for quality education at a private school. However, voucher works much better for a middle class white family trying to get into an exclusive private school than a poor black family. The voucher system determines how much to give by looking at the property tax of a family. If a family is poor, the voucher for that family will not have much worth. Since poor family cannot put much more money into their voucher, voucher program eliminates poor minority families as its recipients, contrary to what it promotes. While voting is considered by many as a personal choice, special interest groups working to ensure representation for minorities have dominated the election process. Sometimes, this helps minorities but can also hurt them. The common method for ensuring minority representation is racial districting. White Americans had used racial districting method such as â€Å"cracking† or â€Å"stacking† to eliminate black votes at first (Swain 426). These methods give minorities no representation or hope of electing a candidate that is friendly toward minorities. Since court has ruled against â€Å"stacking† or â€Å"cracking†, racial districting has appeared of the form â€Å"packing† in recent years (Swain 426). Even though packing surely gives minorities representation, it has diminished the voting power of minorities. In 1991, 15 of the 27 seats held by black politicians have a black population of over 50 percents (Swain 423). This packing of black voters has led to poor turnout and poor performance. For example, one 13 percents of black in Major Owen's district vote in 1986 (Swain 423). Poor performance also contributes to the problem due to an automatic reelection of a black politician in a black majority district. So packing has its benefit in term of ensuring black representation but it also wastes the vote of black Americans. Major Owen surely would have won his district even if it were only 40 percents to 45 percents black. The remaining black voters should move to another district where they can vote for another candidate that will work for their interest. Ironically, the Republican Party appears to be benefited from packing. It has been very supportive of packing that involves large black district. Even if it ensures the election of a black Democrat, it allows the Republican to compete at the new district that has been drained of black Democrats (Swain 405). This makes the election more racially polarized. So the symbol of democracy, the Congress, will also be the most segregated as Republican tries to portray Democrat as a party of black's interest. Swain names the two most promising alternative method for packing are black representation in majority white district and voting for white candidates that can represent the interest of blacks (Swain 431). There has been many doubts that black candidates cannot win in a majority white district. However the election of Governor Wilder, Mayor Bradley, has proved otherwise. Black politicians has proved that they can both represent racial interest and their white constituent such as Louis Stokes (Swain 430). Black voters must not forget there are white politicians that can be as good a black politician such as Gephardt, Kennedy. Minority voters can only benefit from these two methods. First, it allows black politicians to look beyond the House of Representative for a higher office such as the Senate or may be the presidency. Second, it fosters a coalition with other racial and ethnic group (Swain 433). This will expand the representation of Black Americans. These two methods go beyond blaming white people or society for racism by reaching out to white people to combat it. Black and minorities need the help of white politicians and activist who are in a position to make a difference. Only then, the goal of racial equality will be achieved. Racism has tried to exclude minorities from public school and voting. Now, it has turned to another target, the college system in America. Public colleges in America have always used Affirmative Action to determine admission. This program has given minorities an opportunity to seek higher education. It does not promote under-qualification but instead, it will level the playing field for people who are capable of taking the advantage of opportunities that has denied them because of their gender or ethnicity (Patterson 443). When Affirmative Action is examined alone in term of college admission, it has mixed success. For example, the number of Asian students at Berkeley is half of the student body, whereas blacks and Hispanics continue to stagger. This program has come under the attack of conservatives who label it as reverse discrimination. Justice Scalia call it as â€Å"racial preferences appear to even the score† (Siegel 458). Conservatives have completely overlooked the fact that being white is a privilege that other minorities do not have. White men control 99. percents of all the important top position in this country, so what they do from hiring employee, or drafting policy will tend to benefit white people. This is just a normal pattern of human behavior (Patterson 449). Affirmative Action's goal is to correct this problem but it is on the verge of extinction because of proposition 209, or Hopwood vs. Texas. As a result, black admission drop from 65 to 11 in the year following the court case Hopwood vs. Texas. We have seen that effect spreads to UCSD where the number of black students can be measured by finger counting. Opponent of Affirmative Action in college admission has called for using a class-based initiative to determine college admission. They have claimed Affirmative Action not only hurts whites but also Asian Americans. A class based initiative can only help with diversity and does not have the reverse discrimination element that Affirmative Action appears to have. Nonetheless, research has shown Asian American enrollment will increase, white will stay the same, black and Hispanic will decrease if socioeconomic status is used to determine admission (Omi and Takagi 438). The result shows the University of California will be more racially polarized if this plan is implemented. It will generate hostility toward Asian Americans from whites and other minority groups because this plan clearly give Asian American an advantage, unlike Affirmative Action. For a plan that promise diversity, it will end up hurting the diversity makeup of University of California because it deletes race as a factor for consideration. Therefore, minority groups beside Asian American will be denied from an opportunity for higher education. To promote diversity and equal opportunity, race must be taken into consideration because it allows us to identify the victim of racism, who has been denied the opportunity he is entitled to. Without race, how do we know who or where is the victim? Justice Blackmun has said â€Å"to get beyond racism, we must take account of race†. This signifies a shift from protecting individual to protecting a certain group. As a result, race based policies such as Affirmative Action and school desegregation was created. They have helped protecting minority from racism and leveling the playing field. They have forced the public sector and private sector to give minorities equal opportunity because minorities do not have the privilege of being white. The white establishment, without government intervention will extend it hands only to those similar to its. Those policies remedy this preference. Critics of race based policies claim these policies practice reverse discrimination. They want a colorblind policy to be implement instead. However, colorblind policy assumes society to be free of racism and discrimination toward minorities. Statistics have shown otherwise from the low college enrollment of black to the lack of minority in the top position. Colorblind policy will give the control back to the white establishment. Then, discrimination, intentionally or unintentionally, will be directed toward minorities will be much more visible similar to the pre-Civil Right period. In this case, racism cannot be blamed because the people in the establishment are â€Å"colorblind†. It is ironic that a colorblind policy, the goal of the civil right movement, will end up nullifying the legacy of the civil right movement because colorblind is a policy ahead of its time.

Collapse Of The Second Reich Essay

Collapse Of The Second Reich Essay Collapse Of The Second Reich Essay The collapse of the autocratic Kaiserreich The Kaiserreich was autocratic in nature; this meant that the Kaiser had ultimate power over Germany. Although a Parliament (the Reichstag) was established, there was no parliamentary Government – all ministers were appointed by the Kaiser Wilhelm II. Pressure from German public: At the beginning of World War One, German citizens rallied to support their nation. In 1916, however, discontent was growing in Germany as the death rate soared and shortages intensified. A period referred to as the ‘turnip winter’ in 1916-17 saw turnips become the staple diet of citizens. The Russian Revolution was influential to the German working class, the overthrow of the tsar and his demise somewhat inspired many Germans and there were calls for a parliamentary Government. Pressure from Reichstag: The Great Depression in Germany, not only undermined the loyalty of the German public but also the politicians. There was no longer unanimous support in the Reichstag for massive expenditure. In July 1917, a dramatic parliamentary revolt occurred when a peace resolution was carried by 212 votes to 126 – this peace resolution was disregarded by the High Command. Pressure from USA: Germany increased its war efforts during the Turnip Winter of 1916-17 and announced that U-boats would attack every ship in Europe’s waters. In response to this, US president Wilson ended all diplomatic relations with Germany. President Wilson’s neutral position was no longer deemed appropriate and many in the US now saw war as a viable solution. When the German Foreign Secretary sent the ‘Zimmerman note’ to Mexico requesting that Mexico declare war on the US if the US declared war on Germany, promising the states of Texas, Arizona and New Mexico at the end of the war, the American public were outraged. Finally, on 18th March 1917, German U-boats sank three American ships and President Wilson entered World War One alongside the Allied forces. Wilson declared that the US were fighting on a moral basis only: to ‘protect democracy from tyranny and promote peace throughout the world’. 3,000,000 US men were drafted to bolster the military and Wilson was pleasantly surprised to find that many Americans supported his action. Wilson appointed General John J. Pershing as commander of US forces in Europe and left all operational decisions under his jurisdiction. When the American Government launched a propaganda campaign to persuade less enthusiastic Americans to support the war, the campaign also fuelled anti-German sentiments and a deep loathing for Germany and its people. In response, Wilson reminded the people that the US had

A Guide to Business English Collocations

A Guide to Business English Collocations Business English collocations are common combinations of words used when speaking about business in English. Collocations can be understood as words that usually go together. For example, in English we do business, not make business. That business English collocation can make all the difference if you are trying to do business around the world. When decisions concern a lot of money, its important to get the phrase right.   Here are common business English collocations used in various business operations:   The Verb To Do Accounts: Mary does the accounts in bookkeeping.Business: We do business with countries around the world.Deals:  We did a deal with them last year.Due diligence:  Lets do our due diligence before we begin the project.Paperwork: First we have to do the paperwork.Research: Lets do some research on the subject. The Verb To Make An appointment: I made an appointment with the sales manager for next week.A calculation:  She has to make a calculation before she decides whether to approve.Cutbacks:  The company made cutbacks at their stores in New York.A deal: We made a deal with our competitor.An investment: The CEO  made an investment in a new factory.A loan:  The bank made us a loan of $750,000.Money:  The company made a lot of money in the last year.A profit: We  made a good profit on the deal. The Verb To Manage A business or factory: He manages two stores in California.Expectations:  Always manage your expectations during contract negotiations.A project or a team:  Susan is managing five projects at the same time. The VerbsTo Operate or To Run An airline: The company operates/runs an airline in Brazil.A facility:  We operate/run facilities in Germany and Japan.A service: We operate/run a tourist service in Boulder, Colorado. The Noun Deal Cut a deal: We cut a deal with our competition.Do a deal:  The company did a deal in Los Angeles.Give someone a deal:  Let me give you a deal on a new car.Close a deal:  Jake closed the deal yesterday. Hes celebrating today.Work on a deal:  Were working on a deal with a new client. The Noun Contract Write/draw up a contract: Lets write up a new contract for next year. Sign a contract:  Make sure to read it carefully before you sign any contract.Negotiate a contract: Accepting a first offer is no way to negotiate a contract.Offer someone a contract: Wed like to offer you a contract with our company.Bid on a contract: Were bidding on three contracts at the moment. Adjectives Modifying Customer Long-time customer: We treat our long-time customers with great respect and even better deals.Regular customer: Hes a regular customer. He comes in every Friday afternoon.Prospective customer:  Hes pitching the project to a prospective customer.Paying customer:  The only customer we need is a paying customer.Domestic/international customer: We have both domestic and international customers.

Nike Fuel Band Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nike Fuel Band - Essay Example Buyers of the product want to understand their habits more effectively, so that they can improve. Shame is one of the factors that propel buyers to make use of the device once they purchase it. If no activity is registered, the band will have a dull red dot with no other signal. Therefore, users will feel guilty about not doing enough to activate the sensors in the machine. On the other hand, one may also assume that these consumers are driven by attainment of short term goals. They want to feel good about themselves and the efforts that they have put into self improvement. It is for this reason that the band sends congratulatory messages to those persons who have attained their daily goals. Buyers of the product are also believers of scientific techniques. This device will collect data on the consumer’s fitness activities throughout the day through a combination of their movements and plyometrics. Essentially, one would not buy such a band if one did not believe in the power of science to find information about something and then build it to become a more informative insight. These are also people who are well-informed about fitness processes. Many of them know the intricacies of calorie counting as well as the implications of exercise intensity (Dent, 2012). ... Usually, the rewards come in the form of a dancing alien. While the latter may seems like an insignificant and intangible item, it is the meaning of that reward that counts. These types of consumers also long for approval from other people. Perhaps another revolutionary thing about the product is its ability to link consumers with other users though social networks. It allows persons with similar goals to share their accomplishments and thus boost each other’s morale. Such buyers relish complements from their peers. They also care about what people think regarding them. Conversely, one may look at this behavior from a different angle. Persons who purchase the band in order to connect with friends may be perceived as friendly and sociable creatures. The device could simply be a new way of spending time with their counterparts and sharing with them. They may be looking for different points of contact with each other. Buyers of the product are tech-savvy, which explains why a per son will need to use a range of other technology platforms to reap its full benefits. For instance, it depends on Bluetooth technology in order to use an application which will calculate the person’s activity rate. Additionally, consumers with ipads and ipods may also use the device in order to enjoy tracking via their applications (Nike, 2013). The product is sold for substantially more than other similar devices in the market. It goes for $150 yet a competing product is sold at $60. Regardless, of these differences, the bands were sold out during the launch. Clearly, these consumers do not focus much on price. They are more interested in the value that they can derive from the product. Purchasers have

Article Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Article Review - Essay Example The aim of this research was laid out as to understand how the participants for the project triumph over the perceived obstacles to their progress and what methodologies do they adopt for learning in their schools. While this tries to identify the reason behind how a few of the boys perform well and why they do not move to a better school once their talent is identified. The paper takes a qualitative approach. Two schools are taken as samples, which are considered best among the academically unacceptable schools. Eleven students, two teachers and two principals participated in the survey. The survey consisted of a questionnaire with ten open ended questions that would bring about qualitative reasoning to the fore. In this case of data collection, quantitative is certainly the best option and the author has selected the same for the purpose. The inferences drawn by the author during the course of interviews both audio and a form filling one, has been directed more at the target of the research. The methodology adopted and the nature of the questionnaire is the best suited for this purpose. Though, a quantitative methodology analysing the status of the students and the relative observations would have helped in providing large database.